Respiration

Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvates in the cytosol.

• Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose onto two pyruvates in the cytosol.
• Glucose is a 6 carbon sugar and is converted to two 3 carbon sugars called pyruvic acid.
• No oxygen is required for this stage.
• 4 ATPs are formed in the process, but allowing for the 2 ATPs used initially there is a net gain of 2 ATPs (out of potential 69).
• Glucose (C6H12O6) —> 2 pyruvates+4H+2ATP

Glucose is a 6 carbon sugar and is converted to two 3 carbon sugars called pyruvic acid.

4 ATPs are formed in the process, but allowing for the 2 ATPs used initially there is a net gain of 2 ATPs. (Potential 69)

• Glucose — 2 pyruvates +4H + 2ATP
• C6H12O6. (3c)

• Krebs Cycle:
• The pyruvates now enters the matrix of the mitochondrion where it loses CO2 and 2H to form a 2carbon molecule called Acetyl Group.
• This Acetyl group is attached to a carrier molecule- coenzyme A to form Acetyl Coenzyme A.
• The Acetyl group is passed by coenzyme A to a series of reactions called the Krebs Cycle.
• Here it’s dismantled step by step with the release of CO2 molecules, hydrogen and electrons.
• The CO2 is released as waste gas.
• The coenzyme A is detached and recycled.
• Electron transport Chain: (formation of ATP in cristae using oxygen)
• The hydrogens and electrons are picked up by NAD and passed down an electron-carrying chain- Electron Transport System
• The energy released by the transport of electrons is used to make ATP (from ADP+P). (The carrier molecules are embedded in the inner foldings-cristae of the mitochondrion)
• Finally the hydrogen , electrons and oxygen are combined to form water.
• Water may be used by the cell.

• The pyruvate now enters the matrix of the mitochondrion where it loses CO2 and 2H to form a 2carbon molecule called Acetyl group.
• This Acetyl group is attached to a carrier molecule - coenzyme A to form Acetyl coenzyme A.
• This Acetyl group is passed on by coenzyme A to a series of reactions called the Krebs Cycle.
• Here it is dismantled step by step with the release of CO2 molecules, hydrogen and electrons.
• The CO2 is released as a waste gas.
• The coenzyme A is detached and recycled.

The Acetyl group is passed on by coenzyme A to a series of reactions called the Krebs Cycle.

The pyruvate now enters the matrix of the mitochondrion where it loses CO2 and 2H to form a 2carbon molecule called an Acetyl group.

This Acetyl group is attached to a carrier molecule, coenzyme A, to form Acetyl Coenzyme A.

Here it is dismantled with the release of CO2 molecules, hydrogen and electrons.

• Electron Transport Chain: (formation of ATP in cristae using oxygen)
• The hydrogens and electrons are picked up by NAD and passed down an electron-carrying chain- Electron Transport System.
• The energy released by the transport of electrons is used to make ATP of ADP+P. (Carrier molecules are embedded in the foldings, cristae, of the mitochondrion)
• Finally the hydrogen, electrons and oxygen are combined to form water.
• Water may be used by the cell.

The hydrogens and electrons are picked up by NAD and passed down an electron carrying chain- Electron Transport System.

The energy released by the transport of electrons is used to make ATP from ADP+P.

The carrier molecules are embedded in the inner foldings, cristae, of the mitochondrion.

• After the Electron Transport System, the hydrogen, electrons and oxygen are combined to form water.
• Water may be used by the cell.

• Yield = 38/69
• = 55% efficiency