This is responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed is a matrix used in the quality deployment techniques under the Quality Management System.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
If you were to identify top management responsibility for the QMS (quality management system) including establishing policies and objectives, setting organizational wide goals, and supporting quality initiatives would fall under what part of the QMS and how many parts are there?
strategic planning. which is part 1 of 2 in the Management of leadership process.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
The Managment of leadership is broken into two parts. What are they?
ONE A. Quality philosophy and foundations. Lean six sigma, statistical process control, total quality management.
TWO B. QMS Quality Management System.
B1. Strategic planning. System wide goals and supporting quality initiatives.
B2. Deployment techniques. define, describe, and use various deployment tools. Such as: 1. benchmarking 2. stakeholder, 3. performance tools (cost benefit analysis), 4. project management.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
Under the management and leadership BOK for the ASQ (American society of quality) there is a section for QMS and deployment techniques outlining 4 approaches, what are they?
Be Smart Plan Properly (BSPP) is the QMS acronym.
Deployment techniques. define, describe, and use various deployment tools. Such as:
1. benchmarking
2. stakeholder,
3. performance tools (cost benefit analysis),
4. project management... are all found under this section of the ASQ BOK.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
What process under deployment techniques and QMS would involve accounting for the level of flexibility for future information needs and data analysis?
A QIS Quality Information System is a complex data base and thus it can be searched in the future for data results.
This would be the QIS quality information system under QMS quality management system that requires this level of flexibility for future information needs and data analysis.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
Risk would fall under what part of the management and leadership system?
Why would risk be a supplier function? two typical techniques for addressing quality is supplier audits and customer feedback.
Supplier management covers this concern as does techniques (supplier qualification, certification, evaluation, and improvement (supplier ratings).
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
Under Elements of a Quality System falls Basic elements and Design. Design under elements of a quality system is the intent to analyze the design and alignment of interrelated processes to the?
Design under elements of a quality system is the intent to analyze the design and alignment of interrelated processes to the strategic plan and core process.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
There are how many levels of cognition as based on BLOOM'S TAXONOMY Rev. 2021? ruaaec
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom with collaborators Max Englehart, Edward Furst, Walter Hill, and David Krathwohl published a framework for categorizing educational goals: Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Familiarly known as Bloom’s Taxonomy, this framework has been applied by generations of K-12 teachers, college and university instructors and professors in their teaching. source: https://www.bloomstaxonomy.net/ And don't forget You are an ace!
There are 6 levels. Using the acronym URA ACE. (you're ace)
Understand
Remember
Analyze
Apply
Create
Evaluate
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
According to the Juran trilogy, quality improvement is:
B) a breaktrhough sequence to solve chronic problems
in his 1964 text, Managerial Breakthrough, Juran defined quality improvement as breakthrough sequence to solve chronic problems that is analogous to common causes. Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 9
Salient data is what type of data and how does this relate to learning in Blooms Taxonomy?
It is from the Latin verb salire, which means "to leap."
This data is the type that stands out as per its Latin origins and involves the Analytical process.
Source: ASQ certified quality engineer, Scott A. Laman
The quality management system QMS is broken into 3 parts and what are they?
You would have to plan, then deploy, and use information to plan.
1. Strategic planning of the vision and goals
2. deployment techniques for converting vision and goals into reality.
3. information system to collect, analyze, and report the data.
Source: ASQ certified quality engineer, Scott A. Laman
Deployment techniques in the QMS is defined as converting vision and goals into reality and deployment techniques used for selecting and managing projects include.
This includes return on investment (ROI) and Gantt charts.
Source: ASQ certified quality engineer, Scott A. Laman
facilitation is known as what by the AQS BOK?
executive direction and indirect or soft leadership.
Source: ASQ certified quality engineer, Scott A. Laman, PP1. chapter 1. 2021(c)
What 3 skills are interrelated and involves leadership?
1. leadership 2. Facilitation & 3. communication all comprise skillsets of this.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, 2021(c)
What are the two typical techniques for addressing quality with suplliers and customers?
The use of supplier andcustomer surveys most typically address this concern.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
Who said "quality is doing it right when nobody is looking"?
Henry Ford.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 2
How is quality related to variability?
this is inversely proportional to variability.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 2
Is quality a program?
A program is a set of related measures or activities with a particular long-term aim. A set of measures would be reactive.
-No... this isan approach to business and not a program.¹
-A program is a group of related projects coordinated together. Unlike projects a program can include operations. Not every project will necessarily belong to a program, but all programs are made up of projects. ²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 2
Source ²: Andy Crowe, PMP, PMI-ACP, The PMP exam. How to pass on your first try. 2021 PP13
What defines quality?
do not think of the definition but rather the outcome.
This is defined by customer satisfaction.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 2
What involves continual improvement and breakthrough events?
Achieving breakthroughs may require a tenfold improvement, or even better than 3.4 parts per million, which is a Six Sigma level. Breakthrough events usually use a panel making decisions. source: https://www.juran.com/blog/guide-to-lean-and-lean-six-sigma/
quality does involve this continual process. If you say Six Sigma then that works too. 2 Achieving breakthroughs may require a tenfold improvement, or even better than 3.4 parts per million, which is a Six Sigma level.1 source 1: Lean Six Sigma, Lean & Six Sigma: A Definitive Guide | Juran Lean Six Sigma, Lean & Six Sigma: A Definitive Guide Dr. Joseph A DeFeo April 25, 2019.
Source 2: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 2
Quality is aimed at ______, and anything less is an opportunity for improvement.
Only water provides this outcome in nature.
C) perfection
Quality is aimed at this perfection. Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 2
Garvin (1987) discusses eight dimensions of quality, and Montgomery (2013) adds three more regarding service and transactional organizations. What are these last 3? RAP
the perception of quality is as important as these 3. consider what the client would want when filling out a checklist.
performance,
reliability,
durability,
serviceability,
aesthetics,
features,
perceived quality,
conformance to standards,
responsiveness,
professionalism,
and attentiveness.Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 3
What is the difference between 3 sigma and 6 sigma?
3 sigma is 99.74% good and 6 sigma is 99.9998% good.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 3
What does ISO9000:2015 section 3.6.2 state about quality?
B) the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfills requirements."
This ISO9000 standard defines quality as "the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfills requirements." Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 3
ISO as an acronym stands for what?
C) International Organization of StandardizationSource 2: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 2As per the website.
Source 2: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 2
The following takes concern this.
1. fitness for use - Joseph Juran.
2. conformance to specifications - Philip Crosby
3. The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfils requirements.
4. defined by customers through their satisfaction
5. perceived / perception
6. not a program, but a business approach.
top management commitment, knowledge, and active participation are critical.
Quality.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 3
Action plans as part of the goals and objectives of a deployment technique are?
A) detailed plans stating how when and by WHOM the objective will be achieved.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
Critical Path Method is defined as an activity-oriented project management technique that uses arrow-diagramming techniques to demonstrate both the time and the cost required to complete a project. It provides one time estimate the normal time. This is a....?
B) A project management technique used for planning
the critical path method is a PMI technique that identifies project delays using the 3 main purposes: 1. to calculate a project's finish date, 2. to identify how much individual activities in the schedule can slip or float without delaying the project. 3. identify the activities with the highest risk that can not slip without changing the project finish date. Source: Crowe, PMP exam prep kit 2021 pg. 241
Regarding quality what is required to make QUALITY work concerning an organization?
All employees in the organization need to be active participants for this to work.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 4
Modern quality practices originated in two stages, mass inspection in the early 1900s and the control chart around 1930 by Walter Shewart.
True
the 1930's saw Elton Mayo's Hawthorne studies for Western Electric and quality was really born.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg. 4
What are the first published quality system standards internationally?
ISO9001, ISO9002, ISO9003.
The ISO 9001 family is a set of five quality management systems standards that help organizations ensure they meet customer and other stakeholder needs within statutory and regulatory requirements related to a product or service
ISO 9002 refers to company level certification following a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The ISO created guidelines for quality assurance in installation, production, and service provision
ISO 9003 family has now been revised by the ISO 9001 family. ISO 9003 is a non-industry specific certification but is intended for business not needing design control, process control, purchasing or servicing but uses inspection and testing as a means to determine if final products or services meet requirements.
In 1987, ISO 9001, 9002, 9003 all became standards, but Six Sigma was also invented by what company? Why?
Motorola. Many of the quality standards we use today come from the resurrection of Japan as an emerging economic powerhouse post WW2.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 Pg.
Management and systems are the two most critical aspects of the quality control and engineering movement.
think critically and that a system is used to respond to a problem and we are looking for a problem.
False.
Management & statistics are the two most critical aspects of this.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
The invention of the quality control chart is "the formulation of a scientific basis for securing economic control invented by?
This was invented by Walter A. Stewhart in 1924 at Bell Labs in a memorandum when he introduced control charts in a technical memorandum.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
85% of quality is due to management, and only 15% are due to employees. Who said this?
they key is full employee participation. whereby each employee assumes considerable responsibility for his or her own work. full employee engagement is a requirement under total quality management guidelines. He was known for introducing statistical quality control to the Japanese in the 1950s. He also said 85% of quality is due to management and 15% is due to employees.
W. Edwards Deming 1982. He identified special [erratic, unpredictable causes) and common [systemic] causes of variation. This % of management and employees regards quality.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
________ introduced quality in Japan in the 1950s as he asserted there was no point in extorting employees to produce higher quality work because the changes needed to improve quality were almost always outside the workers control such as having the right tools, training, and materials.
W. Edwards Deming.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
He called personal performance evaluations he labeled as management by fear, and one of his 14 points described as deadly diseases in the workplace.
W. Edward's Deming named this management by fear.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
He originated the concept of the "vital few" and the "useful many" in regard to management for quality. He called this concept the Pareto principal based on Vilfredo Pareto, an economist.
Joseph M. Juran was known for this. In a book published in 1964
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
The 7th of Deming's 14 points states what about productivity in relationship to quality?
Obviously there is a directly proportional relationship. Remember quality is inversely proportional to variability
"Improvement of quality will automatically improve productivity."
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
Item 3 of Joseph M. Juran's 14 points published in 1964 regards ceasing dependence on mass inspection. Why?
Require instead statistical evidence that quality is built-in to eliminate inspections.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
He defined quality as "fitness for use" by the customer.
fit for purpose. same thing.
Joseph M. Juran. He continued to emphasize repeatedly that major improvement could only be accomplished on a project by project basis. The basis for selecting projects was the Return on investment. Now a major aspect of Six Sigma.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
Who pioneered zero defects?
Phillip Crosby.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
The cause-and-effect diagram is also known as what?
The Ishikawa diagram.¹ This is also known as the fishbone diagram. ²
Source ¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
Source ² Ishikawa, Kaoru (1976). Guide to Quality Control. Asian Productivity Organization. ISBN 92-833-1036-5.
The most notable use of continuous improvement methodology is what? There are 4.
CONSIDER PROCESS
SPC statistical process control
TQM Total quality management
Lean
Six Sigma.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
The main tool of SPC Statistical Process Control is what?
_______ _________ Control most notably uses the control chart.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1
The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over time. Data are plotted in time order. A control chart always has a central line for the average, an upper line for the upper control limit, and a lower line for the lower control limit. These lines are determined from historical data. - Statistical Process Control Charts | ASQ
The exact source is debated, but it is derived from Juran, Deming, and Fiegenbaum. This was mostly replaced by Lean and Six Sigma.
TQM Total Quality Management: A structured approach and managing quality improvement methods within an organization with a focus on the customer employee empowerment and leadership²
A quality management system (QMS) is defined as a formalized system that documents processes, procedures, and responsibilities for achieving quality policies and objectives. A QMS helps coordinate and direct an organization’s activities to meet customer and regulatory requirements and improve its effectiveness and efficiency on a continuous basis.³
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 PG11 and² 627
Just in time is a methodology of what type of quality management engineering approach?
consider modular construction used to avoid field install and material delays in construction.
Lean. Also known as "get the job done as simply as possible".
When the strengths and weaknesses of an organization are assessed using a study, in management and leadership, this would be called what?
SWOT comes prior to the strategic plan
SWOT: Strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats. This is ideally strategic planning for quality.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
When conducting a SWOT assessment or study based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, & threats, the opportunities available to the organization would be found using what?
market analysis surveys.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
NOT IN INDEX
When assessing using SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) the outcome is the strategic plan. The acronym SMART is used to denote what?
This acronym is used to ask the question: "are the goals or objectives SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-based?
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
What is required of the strategic plan to monitor the execution of the plan post SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, strengths)? IN INDEX BUT DIFFICULT TO FIND.
All stakeholders also are needed on the strategic planning team.
A review/ reporting system needs to be in place to monitor the execution of the plan.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
To assess the effectiveness of the quality plans, management should employ a series of sequentially ordered...
A) effectiveness tests. (part of QMS)
incremental improvements in quality may not be sufficient to ensure success.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
insisting on a strategy that will deliver outstanding quality through continuous improvement is much more likely to generate a sustainable competitive advantage.
True
The customer must be aware of the improvements.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
Does the vision inspire and motivate employees is part of the ______
D) strategic plan effectiveness tests (10 points) & part of a QMS
Remember... if the vision is too difficult to achieve, employees may become discouraged and give up. If the vision is too easy to achieve your competitors may implement something better, and you will be playing catch up.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
Structured planning is part of strategic planning and involves cross-functional teams per Ford Motors as the number one expectation for execution of a quality plan. Juran argues however, that a structured planning process results in products that perform better and have a _______
time is money
shorter development cycle from concept to customer.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
Quality deployment techniques. Give examples.
Benchmarking
Stakeholder Analysis
Performance tools such as cost-benefit analysis
Project management
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c) PP.16
This quality deployment technique was pioneered by Xerox in the 1970s and is defined as a process in which organizations compare their performance with that of their competition or with best practices found internally or in outside organizations.
D) Benchmarking
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c)
A system of improvement program based on the philosophy that one or more factors prevents a system from reaching a more desirable state is?¹
A) theory of constraints
Invented by Eliyahu Goldratt. ²
¹A theory of constraints focuses on the system processes that keep the entire system from working at an improved state.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke.
Source²: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 PP11
which of the following is not part of the original Juran trilogy for quality?
A) Quality audit
Juran understood that improving quality required different approaches and effort than simply maintaining quality. The Juran Trilogy focuses on 3 philosophies: although auditing is one tool it is not considered an overarching philosophy.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. IN INDEX
Eliminate work standards that prescribe numerical quotas describes what?
This is one of Deming's 14 points regarding a poisonous work environment. Regarding work standards.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016
Types of data. Define, classify, and compare discrete (_____) and continuous (______) data. (Apply).
the countable values of say a patients weight is an attribute. Thus it is.....
discrete (attributes: think categories only!) and continuous(variables) data. (Apply).
Discrete attributes: can change. Say a person's weight. It can only be used if it is placed into a category. A discreet variable is a numeric variable whose possible values form a finite or at most countably infinite set.
A continuous variable: is a numerical variable that can take on any possible value inside a provided interval.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). Index.
When the measurement for one sample tends to be dependent on the measure for the previous sample, these data are called?
D) autocorrelated.
The correct answer means that the data from the first sample effects the data from the second sample. The most common example is stock prices.
Define and describe nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. (Understand)
these are the 4 standards in measurements
Nominal scales: scales that classify data into categories with no order implied. such as a conforming and non-conforming item.
Ordinal scales: refer to positions in a series where order is important but precise difference between values are not defined. Such as hardness scales, & customer satisfaction surveys that are given 1-5 for example.
Interval scales: have meaningful difference but no absolute zero. Thus, ratios are not meaningful. The zero value does not signify that there is an absence of temperature say in 0 Fahrenheit.
Ratio scales: These have meaningful differences, but an absolute zero exists. An example would be in Kelvin that shows 0
What is quantitative methods and tools in quality engineering called in layman's terms regarding management?
This is often called management by fact.
In quality control discrete data are referred to as?
attribute data is considered this type of data.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 page 343
_____________ are obtained when the characteristic being studied can take on any value over an interval of numbers. For example, the length of a part can be any value above zero.
continuous (variables) as opposed to a discreet value that is attribute and thus it may change. An example would be a patient's weight.
The color of a car is on which measurement scale?
A) nominal
nominal means no order implied and may be conforming or non-conforming.
A person's height would be what type of measurement scale?
B) ratio
a ratio implies an absolute zero exists within the scale. unlike interval scales.
A column of potential values usually shown from smallest to largest would be what?
a tally or check sheet. One example of a check sheet is pass or fail where yes and no is typical and yes means pass.
what is the symbol and formula for mean and median?
mean X̄=∑ x/n where ∑ means to add up the sums. data values X divided by the number of values given. Known as the measurement of central tendency.median M��In simple terms, it may be thought of as the "middle" value of a data set. the formula is Median = (n + 1) ÷ 2 where n is the number of items in the set. Remember in an even data set we use the central two values. given.
the Greek symbol for sigma is what? This means what?
consider the settings on a breaker with dip switches for example
∑. This means add the values when presented with this Greek letter.
What happens when we use the formula for median and we encounter an even number of values?
An even number of data sets means we use this formula differently.
we have to use the two central values. For example you have the following wait times recorded. 5, 8, 12, 3, 2, 7, 6, 5. Median is known as the middle value of a data set. so the answer is (N+1)/2 where N is the data set but in an even numbered set we use the center two values given.
This refers to a self-configuring, adaptive, complex network that allows a variety of things or objects, e.g., Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, sensors, actuators, and mobile phones, through unique addressing schemes, to interact and cooperate to reach common goals (Atzori et al. 2010)
internet of things matches this description.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 346
Regarding internet of things IOT and data collection and the acronym ETL and ELT processes means what? Which one is better and why?
before sampling data normality is checked for zero values. This is called cleaning or transforming the data.
ETL: extract, transform, load
ELT: extract, load, transform.¹
In ETL, data is transformed before loading, and in ELT, the data is transformed after loading. ETL has a rigid pipeline because it only supports legacy database architecture, but ELT is flexible and supports data re-querying. ETL is comparatively slower than ELT, involving an additional data transformation step before loading. ²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 348
Source²: www.kdnuggets.com
What is a Z score used in? Consider the use of Appendix E in the CQE (certified quality engineer Book of Knowledge) and the "areas under standard normal distribution to the left of Z-Values".
standard normal distribution, also called the z-distribution, is a special normal distribution where the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1. This is used to examine probability distributions.¹
A random variable is distributed with mean (µ)=0 and variance σ² =1. Standard Normal random variable is Z.² (µ) usually is population means.
source¹: The Standard Normal Distribution | Calculator, Examples & Uses (scribbr.com)
Source²: Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 377
The outlier test, autocorrelation, and distribution identification tests are done using what and for what purpose?
oth Box-Cox and Yeo-Johnson transform non-normal distribution into a normal distribution. However, Box-Cox requires all samples to be positive, while Yeo-Johnson has no restrictions
statistical software is used for this and to transform the data by checking for zero values and to transform and clean the values when using the IOT (internet of things) to check for non-normal data. For example, You can convert extreme data points into z scores that tell you how many standard deviations away they are from the mean in an outlier test.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 348
In IOT and data sampling what is an outlier?
In the context of IoTs “an outlier is data value that is considerably different from other data values, or does not correspond to the predicted normal behavior, or conforms well to a defined abnormal behavior”
Source: www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/11/1/4
A procedure by which each item has an equal probability of being selected as part of the sample.
In large volumes this does not work well. The tags must be random by number and applied randomly.
Simple Random Sampling.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 350
Explain Stratified Sampling
D) when sampling is divided into groups
When evaluating a random sampling for parts from various suppliers for example from different locations.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 350
A research team is doing a study on students at a college and would like to ensure that their sample has all four levels of students: freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. What sampling method is most appropriate for this study?
C) stratified sampling
When a population can be divided naturally into groups, it is often desirable to use this sampling to ensure the sample is representative of the population. Source: connie M Borror & Sarah E Burke, The ASQ CQE Study Guide pg. 123
The elements in a dashboard needs to be....
C) all of these
These indicate performance relative to a target.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 351
The two principal types of statistical studies are what? NOT IN INDEX.
descriptive and inferential.
descriptive statistics state facts and proven outcomes from a population.
inferential statistics analyze samplings to make predictions about larger populations.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 353
The elements in a __________ should be linked to the strategic objective. A part of the QMS strategic plan and deployment techniques.
consider the plan the windshield and therefore you would need instruments to warn of say "check engine"
Dashboard.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 351
What is key to understanding data and the process that generated them in statistics? Think charts. NOT IN INDEX
center, spread, and shape. ¹
The center is a found using a statistic such as mean, median, midrange, or mode, and provides a single value that is representative of the data. The spread describes how close the data values are to each other using the range or standard deviation. The shape describes how the data looks on a graph
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 353
Source²:https://study.com/learn/lesson/
The symbol for mean is X̄ but another symbol means the same thing and is what?
μ or Mu is another symbol for this. Also Λ, λ lamda
The sample mode is what? EXAMPLE: the turnaround times for blood analysis given is 49 50 58 58 60 62 66 68 70 and 72.
This is defined as the outcome that occurs most often
C) 58
The sample mode is the observation that occurs most often in the sample. There can be more than one mode for a set of data.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 354
What is the most used measures of the center of a data set?
mean and median are this.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 354
What is known as a resistant measure of the center? Where 3 quantities are known as the measurements of central tendency.
Recall dispersion is either range, quartile, and standard deviation. ²statistic that is not affected by outliers is called resistant. We say that the median is a resistant measure of center, and the mean is not resistant. ³The mean is used for normal distributions. The median is generally used for skewed distributions.
Median is known as this in reference to a center.
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 355
population variance; where σ means simple sum. this symbol is the lower case version of Σ that is upper case.
Describe with what and how is the Degrees of Freedom used? What does this mean?
This is used with variance and is a measure of dispersion. For population variance (σ²), the degrees of freedom is the total population size; for sample variance, the degrees of freedom is the sample size minus one. (because -1 in the denominator normalizes the formula and accounts for outliers)
These types of measures of VARIABILITY describe a spread of data around the center or central point of the distribution of the data. Three common measure of variations are?
called measures of variability or measure of variation. commonly called spread.
1. the range: dispersion in a data set. Max and minimum.
2. variance: A measure of dispersion. For a set of data is the sum of the squared differences between the individual observations and the mean of the observations divided by the degrees of freedom.
3. standard deviation.
Variability tells you how far apart points lie from each other and from the center of a distribution or a data set. Variability is also referred to as spread, scatter or dispersion.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 355
What is the formula for the sample range? Using the turnaround times for blood testing, 49 60 58 58 60 62 66 68 70 72.
R=Xmax-Xmin
thus the range is 72-49=23 minutes.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 355
This is a measure of the variability based on the deviations of the actual observations from the mean. What is the formula for sample variance?
In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its mean, and it informally measures how far a set of (random) numbers are spread out from their mean.
Sample Variance = Σ(each value - sample mean)²/# of values in the sample-1
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 356
Concerning shapes of data in graphical displays these include what?
dot plots,
box plots,
stem-and-leaf plots,
and
histograms.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 356
A histogram is an approximate representation of the distribution of numerical data.
device for presenting quantitative data in a graphical format,
This term defines a measure of dispersion or spread in the same units as the unit of deviation. It is equal to the positive square root of the sample variance.
This is known as standard deviation. The formula is the same as sample variance but it is entirely square rooted.
S=√[Σ(X¹-X̄)²/n-1]. This term defines a measure of....
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 356
The display reveals the spread of the data as well as possible outliers. this display is pictured as per below. what is it called?
This is a dot plot.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c).
What are the three types of measurement of central tendency and dispersion? ♨
recall a left leaning or right leaning skew of data sets!
Mean,
Median,
&
mode
are these types of measurements.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c).
Consider the solution to the problematic cost cutting approach to maintenance. It may help in the short term but not in the long term. How would you solve this by illustrating in metrics?
combined metrics is a solution.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 20
What is a dimensionless equation that is "normalized" to a value of 1.0 when there is no change in the variable from one period to the next?
One example is the Δsymbol is applied to each variable and a ratio is established. The denominator is the variable in period t-1 This results in a dimensionless equation that is normalized to a value of 1.0 when there is no change in the variable from one period to the next.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 20
This theorem states that if you take sufficiently large samples from a population, the samples’ means will be normally distributed, even if the population isn’t normally distributed.
A) central limit theorem
For the CQE this must be applied.
What is the central limit theorem formula used to show that if you take sufficiently large samples from a population, the samples’ means will be normally distributed, even if the population isn’t normally distributed?
formula
construct and interpret frequency distributions, including simple, categorical, grouped, ungrouped, and cumulative.
cumulative frequency distribution cannot be used where order does not matter
These would be represented in tables that actually denote in each column on of these criteria.
The median of a population is much larger than the population mean. What can you say about the shape of the population distribution?
B) the distribution is left skewed
The population mean and median are not equal, so the distribution can not be symmetric. The mean is sensitive to the data and the median is a robust statistic not heavily influenced by the extreme observations. Therefore, a much smaller mean indicates that the data are skewed to the left. Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016
Under the central limit theorem, the distribution of sample averages tends toward a normal distribution as the sample size ________.
C) increases
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016
What is the formula for population variance? NOT IN INDEX.
D) Σ (Xi – Xμ)2 / N-1
Where: Xi – i is the value of data set. Xμ – Mean value of data set. N – Total number of data points. Σ is the sum. Recall that μ is Mu in Greek letters.
The reason dividing by n-1 corrects the bias is because we are using the sample mean, instead of the population mean, to calculate the variance. Since the sample mean is based on the data, it will get drawn toward the center of mass for the data²
A team would like to compare waiting times of customers by day of the week. Which of the following would be the most appropriate tool to use?
A) box plots
side by side box plots can be used easily to make comparison. Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016
This type of plot is used to examine the relationship between two continuous variables.
A) scatter plots
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 124
What type of plot is used to determine if data follow a certain distribution?
A) probability plots
histograms are not actually called plots.
NOTE: Probability is a numerical measure assigned to events in a sample space that represents the likelihood that a particular outcome will occur. It takes on values between zero and one inclusive. Unlike a correlation coefficient I can take on a value between negative one and one.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 124
Which of the following descriptive statistics is not typically found in a box plot?
A) mean
A box plot divides sorted data into 4 regions. The lines in a box plot represent the min, max, and median. where mean is not denoted. Where mean is the average and median is the middle set. Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 124
What is reliability allocation?
When designing a system, reliability targets are established for the system as a whole. Then the parts of the system must therefore be more reliable for the entire system to be reliable.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 20
Some authors use this term to describe the connection between strategic goals and performance metrics.
This is known as LINKAGE. ¹In the quality manual and the use of tiers for policies, procedures, work instructions, and quality records (pyramid documentation control hierarchy) if the tiers are separated, it is important to provide a cross-references or links between the tiers to provided effective documentation and identify the parent source.
¹Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 19
²Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 80
A means of taking into account inflation, interest, and future benefits that are unknown, probabilistic techniques such as uniform, gamma and normal distributions based on the users assumptions about future uncertainty, are often used in this model. This is part of cost benefit analysis.
This is called NPV or net present value calculations.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 22
This project tool is defined as: A discount rate that causes the NPV to equal zero. If the ____ is greater than minimum required by the organization for typical capital investments, the project is a candidate for acceptance.
NPV: net present value is a cost-benefit-analysis that puts costs and benefits of an investment into present day dollars.
This is known as the IRR or internal rate of return.
NPV=[Cash Flow / (1 + i)^t] - Initial Investment
Where: i = required return or discount rate and t = number of time periods.
Source: when you multiply a number that is less than 1 by itself repeatedly, it gets smaller and smaller quite rapidly. Thus 1+i in the denominator.
The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp
Which of the following tools can be used for justifying and prioritizing projects?
D) all of the above
source: Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 6
Suppose we estimate the net present value for a particular project. When we want to determine how the NPV will change if the interest rate decreases or increases, for example, by 5%, we are doing a type of?
When metrics are examined by varying the inputs (such as percentage, rate, and so on) in NPV, we are conducting a sensitivity analysis.
B) sensitivity analysis
NOTE: The least perceptible change dimension detected by the measuring instrument and shown by the indicator defines sensitivity. ²Sensitivity analysis determines how different values of an independent variable affect a particular dependent variable under a given set of assumptions.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 6
Source²: investopedia.
A Gantt chart is a useful:
B) planning tool.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 6
this is also called a milestone chart. Used in process or project planning and conrol to display planned and finished work in relation to time. these will often be used to track critical path items in a project that would delay the schedule
This is used in process and control planning and control to display planned and finished work in relation to time. Also called a milestone chart.
A) What a Gannt Chart is used for. source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT pg. 613
This chart monitors the average number of non-conformities. Which chart monitors conformities?
The U-chart does this. Where the C chart monitors conformities.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT pg.482
The sequence of tasks that take the longest time and determine a project's completion date.
The book may give the answer as critical path method but this is not correct as per the index.
A) critical path
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). Index
What is a time dependent task diagram that plots the time dependencies of each task to each other task, and depicts the interrelationships of each task or task cluster in the project. This is typically used for shorter term projects. This is also known as an arrow diagram.
B) Activity Network Diagram (AND)
The best answer is the AND diagram activity network diagram. source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 27 and glossary.
This is used for larger projects and defines the interfaces: who has what responsibility for what tasks, and to what degree. (e.g., primary, secondary, resource only, need to know)
D) Linear requirements matrix (LRM) is used for this type of project and defines this.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 27 and glossary.
Which of the following is a use of a quality information system?
D) All of the above
Quality Information Systems use data from customers, suppliers, and internal processes.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 Pg. 7
_________ are essential spreadsheets that lay out the requirements over time against the activities in the project. ____ may be compiled for facilities, equipment, materials, contract / consulting services, personnel, and so on. This helps to understand the project life cycle.
B) RRM spreadsheets. (Resources requirement matrix)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg.30
One brainstorming technique uses an anonymous system to help the facilitator receive the slips of paper with brainstorming ideas and anonymously. This helps build cohesion when the other members see the ideas are similar. What is this technique called?
Crawford slip
Source² Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c) PP55
Keeping the team on task in the main function of the:
This person is responsible for the process issues, meeting agendas, communication among the teams, and keeping the team on task. As the team grows their place within the team becomes a smaller part.
A) facilitator
source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 Pg. 7
A useful brainstorming tool for reducing a large list of items to a smaller manageable one is:
B) nominal group technique
used by teams to generate and make a selection from ideas on a particular subject based on group prioritization. Each team member ranks each idea 1-10 and the best ideas are used.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 Pg.8
A planning technique that translates customer requirements into technical requirements is?¹
The house of quality is a diagram most often used with this.
D) quality function deployment
Although a customer satisfaction survey makes sense, the QFD is often referred to as "listening to the voice of the customer".
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 Pg.8
Source² Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c) index
DEFINE 1. A temporary team used to develop a new process for improve an existing process, 2. A team consisting of representatives from multiple departments where the sponsor selects the team leader. 3.A group of individuals with a broader and deeper responsibility for management and improvement of their process area.
leaders of an organization must therefore be clear about what they are trying to accomplish to ensure that the appropriate team processes are used.
1. process improvement team.
2. work group
3. self-directed work team. (SDWT).
Financial measures include traditional indicators such as? As used in the Balanced Scorecard (used to remove focus from stockholders) by Kaplan and Norton. They used 1. financial fundamentals 2. business process (manufacturing measures) 3. Customer 4. Learning and growth. This question concerns item 1.
traditional measures of this are Cash flow, Sales, & ROI (return on investment).Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 21
Yield and re-work are measures of what?
manufacturing. As used in the Balanced Scorecard (used to remove focus from stockholders) by Kaplan and Norton. They used 1. financial fundamentals 2. business process (manufacturing measures) 3. Customer 4. Learning and growth. This question concerns item 2.
manufacturing as turning specific raw materials into specific products, including the creation of utility. In contrast, production refers to a much wider range of activities necessary to get raw materials into a state where they can be manufactured.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 21
What are 3 methods for justifying projects?
1. payback period (easiest to understand but does not give insight into magnitude of future savings.)
2. Net present value (NPV) NPV=[Cash Flow / (1 + i)^t] - Initial Investment
Where: i = required return or discount rate and t = number of time periods.
3. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 23
This converts all future cash flows to today's dollars at a specified interest rate. What is the formula?
This is what NPV (net present value) does.
NPV=[Cash Flow / (1 + i)^t] - Initial Investment
Where: i = required return or discount rate and t = number of time periods.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 26
In what industry, in the U.S., is a QIS (quality information system) required by law?
A well-designed information system allows information generated at one level or in one part of the organization to be used for many different purposes.
pharmaceutical companies require this per the Federal Drug Administration.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 35
Process management and problem solving requires what type of information?
These require accurate and timely information.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 35
PLC's have a disadvantage. The programming is not easy and they usually lack a keyboard and interface. What has largely been replacing these?
It periodically poles the PLC and has 4 generations.
SCADA supervisory control and data Aquisition. It periodically poles the PLC to collect data and interfaces via a network. The SCADA can send trends and graphic displays of the current status of the equipment. The system also provides for data storage in a database program, which allows for rapid retrieval of data for subsequent analysis.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 37
The following paragraph refers to what?
It periodically poles the PLC to collect data and interfaces via a network. The SCADA can send trends and graphic displays of the current status of the equipment. The system also provides for data storage in a database program, which allows for rapid retrieval of data for subsequent analysis.
A) SCADA
SCADA system architecture has been categorized in four type or generations:
First generation – early (monolithic) SCADA.
Second generation – distributed SCADA.
Third generation – networked SCADA.
______________ consists of one or more controllers used to implement advanced process control techniques.
A) DCS distributed control system
SCADA systems cannot carry out advanced process control techniques.
Tasks that seem trivial, such as naming conventions, can have a huge impact down the road. Large, real-time control systems may have hundreds of PLCs and thousands of sensors. Imagine the complexity of creating a downtime report for the packaging area of a plant. Every machine and sensor in the area must be included in the database query. A good naming convention will allow?
If a naming standard is not used or is poorly executed, then the user has no choice but to individually specify each sensor and PLC when the database query is created.
a group of variables to be captured within a single query statement that includes a "wild card". (Wildcards are used in search terms to represent one or more other characters.)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 38
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a great leadership tool because you can determine what level the person you are speaking to is in. What are the levels?
A good leader always tries to understand where the other person is coming from
1. physiological (hunger, sleep, thirst)
2. safety and security
3. socialization (belonging and love)
4 ego (self-esteem)
5. self-actualization. (higher-purpose and meaning)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 45
How is a new SPC (statistical process control) integrated?
A software engineer implements a new online package.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 45
A good facilitator is one that is working himself or herself out of the role by helping the team develop higher and higher levels of competency. An important distinction is that facilitators do not discuss __________ but rather process.
remain neutral and minimize bias
content.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 52
The basic elements of a quality system are?
A) Planning, control, and improvement
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 75
The term ________ implies functional elements, attributes, and relationships.
quality is inherently related to cost and planning, control, and improvement are the basic elements. Consider training is one of these.
A) system
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 75
Design reviews should be conducted at the end of each stage as part of the 4 elements of a quality system for what purpose?
C) All of these are correct but the best answer is to identify problem areas and initiate corrective-action
Consider a CxP in the BcXP guidelines and the use of design review during basis of design. Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT3 pg. 125 & CHPT2 pg. 77
Regarding the elements of a quality system being planning, control, and implementation. There are functions in an organization that they pertain to. What are they?
1. Quality in marketing
2. quality in specification and design.
3. quality in purchasing.
4. quality of process.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT3 pg. 125 & CHPT2 pg. 75/76
What regarding relationships is required of the quality pursuit?
under the 4 elements of quality "quality in purchasing"requires a close relationship with vendors and subcontractors to facilitate and secure continuous quality improvements. This is part of the elements of quality system that pertain to all functions in the organization. So this is one such function.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 76
What is/are the function(s) of a quality system? Not to be confused with components: planning, control, and improvement.
PP. 74 Per ISO 9004: 2018 managing for the sustained success of an organization, strategy and policy, resource management, process management, monitoring, measurement, analysis, review, improvement, innovation, & learning. Notice that planning is not part of this, but is critical to addressing risks and opportunities in an organization.
B) all of these are correct as there are 4 functions
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 75
Quality related activities start with identifying customer needs and end once the customer has finalized the purchase and basic delivery & service has ended.
False
quality related activities extend throughout the life cycle of the product. In the case of the BCxP (building commissioning) standards, this is also the 10 month post Occupancy period for warranty and then into a maintenance program for the life of the facility)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 77
What falls under adopting new practices, launching new products, opening new markets, seeking new customers, building partnerships, and using new technology and is a sub element of the quality system?
B) planning for opportunities
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 77
What is the primary tool for assessing risk?
D) All of these.
See chapter 3. Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 77
What is the central element in achieving conformance to design requirements?
consider control should extend over the material and parts used, tooling and any shop aids utilized, and environmental conditions.
D) control of process.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 78
The _________are useful for studying a process over time and can be used for both variable critical-to-quality measures (e.g., the diameter of an arterial stent) and attributes (e.g./ wether the stent contains a defect) Defects can be labeled as non-conformities.
B) control chart
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 78
__________ addresses the allocation of test and inspection points in the process for the purpose of verifying conformance.
C) product verification.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 79
The quality system should allow for feedback of?
consider the field and the customer's needs and how to fix any issues regarding quality
information regarding field performance, customer satisfaction, and the initiation of corrective actions.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 79
What defines the following: "The objective should be to prevent the recurrence of these causes and improve quality. It is required to monitor the effect of actions and ensure a high quality is obtained."
A root cause analysis should be conducted prior
D) corrective action
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 79
What defines "_________indicates the results of implementing the system (QA) and provides subjective means for evaluation its effectiveness."
Juran understood that improving quality required different approaches and effort than simply maintaining quality. The Juran Trilogy focuses on 3 philosophies: although auditing is one tool it is not considered an overarching philosophy. Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke.
D) quality records
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 79
The design of the quality system should be aligned to _________?
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke.
supporting the strategic plan falls under a QMS and involves supporting quality initiatives.
the strategic plan and core processes within an organization.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 79
Montgomery (2013) added three more regarding service and transactional organizations to Garvin's eight (1987): responsiveness, professionalism, and attentiveness. He argues that the effective management of quality involves successful execution of 3 activities. What are they?
PAC
1. planning,
2. assurance,
3. control / improvement
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 80
Although there are several ways to structure quality system documentation within or under a quality manual, one generic method is to create a structure of four tiers - also known as the?
documentation hierarchy or pyramid - these tiers top to bottom are policies, procedures, work instructions, and quality records.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 81
For any quality system, all quality-related activates begin with?
A) customer needs
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 13
The critical characteristics of any documentation of a quality system are?
compliance versus competency. If you are incompetent can you comply?
D) competency, accuracy, & clarity
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 82
Not to be confused with the elements of a quality system comprising planning, control, and improvement, but rather the major component of a quality system are?
C) Both B & C
¹Effective implementation of a quality system that has been reviewed and approved for release is one of the two major components of a quality system. source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 20
Which of the following ISO standards are not requirements, but guidelines only?¹ (not in index)
B) ISO 9004
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 15 & 20.
Source ² Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg.84
A quality audit is to be conducted within a particular company. An employee of this company will be conducting the audit. This is an example of:
impartiality is required and a 3rd party audit is called an external audit
B) An internal quality audit
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 15 & 20.
Source ² Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg.91
The most comprehensive type of audit is the?
C) quality system audit: examines suitablity and effectiveness of the system as a whole
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg.91
What ISO guidelines regard auditing management systems and removes competency since the large number of management system requirements across disciplines would be too difficult to manage?
ISO 19011: 2011 (second edition) Guidelines For Auditing Management Systems removes this since the large number of management system requirements across disciplines would be too difficult to manage
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg.91
__________represent the main reason behind the occurrence of a nonconformance or an undesirable condition or status.
B) root cause analysis
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 15 & 20.
Source ² Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg.98
Corrective action and verification that nonconformities have been addressed is?
A) often poorly completed
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.20
Generally an audit is carried out in 3 steps. What are they? IN INDEX
1. pre-examination- auditor explains the objectives of the audit.
2. suitability audit - comparison of the documented procedures to the reference standards.
3. Corrective measures - implementation of the quality system is examined in depth.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 20-21
Source²: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.93&94
Management is responsible for the validity and accuracy of the final audit report?
False
The lead auditor is responsible for this. Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.21
The auditee will begin improvement efforts to address any problems or corrections identified by the audit. A follow-up audit to verify results of this improvement effort_______.
C) should be agreed on by all parties: client, auditor, auditee
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.16
A company increased prevention costs by making changes to its quality control area, and then non-conformities decreased. As a result, there was a reduction in?
The goal of any quality costs system is to facilitate quality improvement efforts that will lead to opportunities to reduce operating costs. Prevention is usually cheaper and is defined as: the costs of all activities specifically designed to prevent poor quality in products or services.
A) failure costs
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.17
A ______________ shows how often each different value in a set of data occurs. A histogram is the most commonly used graph to show this.
frequency distribution. this is a compact summary of the data collected. displayed in table form, graphical form, or some functional form.
Types are
Normal Distribution. The normal distribution, also known as a Gaussian distribution or “bell curve” is the most common frequency distribution...
Skewed Distribution. ...
Bimodal/Multimodal Distribution. ...
Uniform Distribution. ...
Logarithmic/Pareto. ...
PERT/Triangular.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.357
What is a bimodal distribution?
this is also called double peaked or has two modes, & looks like the back of a two-humped camel. The outcomes of two processes with different distributions are combined in one set of data. For example, a distribution of production data from a two-shift operation might be bimodal, if each shift produces a different distribution of results. Stratification often reveals this problem.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.357
If the data represents numbers of items in non-numerical groups or categories (ORDINAL), what is used in quantitative methods?
A) categorical frequency distribution.
Examples of Ordinal data: low, medium, high. Top 5 Olympic medallists. Language ability (e.g., beginner, intermediate, fluent)
questions (e.g., very dissatisfied to very satisfied) low income, high income.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.357
This requires one to collect at least 50 consecutive data points from a process. Also this is defined as a graphical display of observations from a sample where the class frequencies are represented by areas of rectangles over the interval for each class.¹
A) histogram
The basic difference between a bar graph and a histogram is that a bar graph is used to represent categorical data, whereas a histogram is used to represent numerical data.²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). glossary
This type of distribution should not be used where order does not matter.
D) cumulative frequency distribution
Versus categorical frequency distribution where the totals are not added to each other and Categorical variables are non-numeric "category" variables, e.g. color.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.358
What is the difference between
1.categorical frequency and implies order.
2. cumulative frequency distributions: and the cumulative frequency is used where order matters.
1. A _____________uses non-numerical groups or categories (ordinal: natural order).
2. ____________ is the analysis of the frequency of occurrence of values of a phenomenon less than a reference value. The phenomenon may be time- or space-dependent. ______________is also called frequency of non-exceedance. calculated by adding each frequency from a frequency distribution table to the sum of its predecessors. The last value will always be equal to the total for all observations.
________plots can be constructed for many distributions, including the normal, lognormal, Wiebull, and exponential. the two most common are the normal and Wiebull.
A) probability
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.359
The vertical axis (y) is scaled to the normal distribution because the assumption of at least approximate normality is necessary. In this type of plot.
A) probability
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.359
This distribution is often used in a reliability problem, to examine failure rates, including non-constant failure rates.
A normal, and probability are the same name for this.
A) Wiebell
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 357 & index
What are more reliable approaches to determining the appropriateness of a particular distribution.
tests
goodness-of-fit-tests
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.360
All possible outcomes or objects of interest.
the entirety of all items or units being studied.
A) population
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.361 & index
The degree of interdependence between two or more variables defines the root word. Then a measure of the linear relationship between two random variables. It is dimensionless and can take on any value between -1 and 1 inclusive.
Also referred to as Pearson's. And A number representing a property of a physical system, but not measured on a scale of physical units (as of time, mass, or distance). Drag coefficients and stress, for example, are measured as dimensionless numbers.
correlation coefficient.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.361 & index
Its purpose is to infer (arrive at a conclusion by reasoning from evidence) properties of a population through analysis of a sample. Sometimes referred to as a numerical study. Valid only if the sample is from a stable population.
This is often used in process to examine the effectiveness of a process and the need for improvements in the components of a quality system
capability study.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg.76, 363, & index
A team measured the time to failure of 20 components. They plotted the data in a normal probability plot, shown below. What conclusions can be drawn from this plot?
A Weibull, normal, probability, are all the same thing.
B) The normal distribution is not a reasonable model for the time to failure
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.94
What is the symbol for standard deviation?
Standard deviation is a measure of how much the values in a data set vary from the mean.
σ for a population and S for a sample. (sigma)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 362
What is the symbol for a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two variables? What is it called? NOT IN INDEX
p also known as Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Not to be confused with a P CHART: A control chart that monitors the fraction non conforming in a process compared with NP chart.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 362
What is a characteristic of a sample and is an estimator of a population parameter?
A) statistic
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 362
a quantity that describes characteristics of a population, for example, mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, or fraction nonconforming.
D) parameter
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 362
The purpose of differential statistics this is to infer (arrive at a conclusion by reasoning from evidence) through properties of a population through analysis of a sample.
sometimes this is called a numeric study. These studies are valid only if the sample is from a stable underlying population.
False
inferential statistics is correct.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 363
This infers information about the process population based on the sample used for the control chart and would therefore be a numeric study.
capability study and since this uses properties of a population through analysis of a sample, it is also known as an inferential study. ¹
The capability study is one of the main tools of Six Sigma. It helps us understand what our process capability is and tells us the probability that the process will produce defects.
There are 4 main metrics used to define capability. These are Cp, Cpk, Pp, and Ppk. The two metrics starting with "C" measure short-term capability. The other two, starting with "P," measure long-term performance. To remember easily, the "C" can be remembered as capability, and the "P" can be remembered as performance.²
CP=[USL-LSL]/6s
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 363
Sample data may also be used to study either stable or non stable processes with the goal of process improvement, which may involve the use of knowledge, experience. , creativity, and basic science. Such a study is considered numeric?
False
This is not numeric as a study. Because it does not infer properties of the population. A numeric study requires a stable population. For example, if a control chart is used on a stable process, the data from the chart can be used to conduct a capability study for the material produced while the chart was in use. The capability study information about the process populations based on the sample used for the control chart and would therefore be a numeric study.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 363
This type of method is not stable because the underlying population is often not stable, and the goal is to change it rather than determine its characteristics.
A control chart is typically established to see if the data is stable
C) sample data used to discover causes
numeric studies in inferential statistics can be used as long as the population is stable and, therefore, examine the properties of the population. A sample can be stable or non-stable and represents a population.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 363
This is also referred to as the universal set, in set theory. Usually denoted by S.
sample space and is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment or set of conditions.¹
The sample space of a random experiment is the collection of all possible outcomes. An event associated with a random experiment is a subset of the sample space. The probability of any outcome is a number between 0 and 1. The probabilities of all the outcomes add up to 1.²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 364
Source²: https://stats.libretexts.org/
This is also referred to as the universal set, in set theory. Usually denoted by S. If the outcomes are finite or countably infinite, then the sample space is considered?
A) all of these.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 364
If an outcome χ is an element or outcome in A, for example, it is written as
χ ∈ A¹ ∈ is lower case epsilon.
The symbol ∈ indicates set membership and means “is an element of” so that the statement x∈A means that x is an element of the set A.²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 364
if the intersection of any two events results in the empty set (i.e., A ∩ B = ∅, then those two events are called mutually exclusive. Where ∅ equals an empty set { }.
Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is empty. For example, consider S = {1, 3, 5} and T = {2, 8, 10, 14}. S ∩ T = ∅ so S and T are disjoint
C) mutually exclusive, but all of these describe this.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 364
What is a number between zero and one inclusive?
The formula for this is 1/N because it is the ________of an outcome would be the number of times that outcome occurs divided by the total number of possible outcomes.
The probability that a particular event will occur, or just probability.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 365
Considering a sample space S and two events A & B from that sample space. Then the formula is written as?
sample space is also called the universal set in set theory. it is the set of all possible outcome of an experiment or a set of conditions.
P(S)=1
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 364
If two events A and B are mutually exclusive, then the formula is written how? Explain what ∩ means.
A) all of these are true.
The ∩ in math is commonly known as an intersection between two or more sets, which is the collection of most common elements of all the sets.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 365
Suppose a teacher wants to know the probability that a single student in her class of 30 students is taking either Art or English. She asks the class to raise their hands if they are taking Art and counts 13 hands. Then she asks the class to raise their hands if they are taking English and counts 21 hands. The teacher then calculates.
The teacher knows that this is wrong because probabilities must be between zero and one, inclusive. After thinking about it she remembers that nine students are taking both Art and English.These students raised their hands each time she counted, so the teacher counted them twice. When we calculate probabilities we have to be careful to?
When we calculate probabilities, we have to be careful to count each outcome only once.
The term intersecting and the ∩ that represents this is defined as?
outcomes and joints where the symbol ∩ represent the intersection of two sets and in English would mean the word AND. thus P (A ∩ B) = 0 means the parameter of A AND B is zero because they are mutually exclusive and thus not in union.. THINK
Events that do not have outcomes in common or that do not occur jointly. This is the same as the word AND (∩ intersecting or multiplying), representing intersection. Thus the formula P (A ∩ B) = 0 is saying the probability that A intersects (and) with B is 0
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 pg. 365
_______is defined as the outcome that occurs most often in the data set inputs?
B) mode
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 index
The following contingency table would have a probability the part would be small as denoted by what formula?
red
yellow
green
blue
totals
small
16
21
14
19
70
medium
12
11
19
15
57
large
18
12
21
14
65
totals
46
44
54
48
192
Probability is also a %
Assume that the parts are selected at random. The probability that the part is small would be denoted by the formula
Where synonyms for probability would be anticipation.chance.contingency.expectation.feasibility.odds.possibility.prospect.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 P.368
The conditional probability is what?
Conditional probability is defined as the likelihood of an event or outcome occurring, based on the occurrence of a previous event or outcome. Conditional probability is calculated by multiplying the probability of the preceding event by the updated probability of the succeeding, or conditional, event. Think symbol ∪The symbol ∪ is employed to denote the union of two sets. Thus, the set A ∪ B—read “A union B” or “the union of A and B”—is defined as the set that consists of all elements belonging to either set A or set B (or both).
VENN DIAGRAM
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 P.369
Suppose there are two events A and B. The probability that event A occurs given that event B has already occurred is?
B is thus the given or conditional property. If B has already occurred then it would cancel itself out. And A and B are not uniform or matching & we want to know two variations so we would want to use the total number of parts & not the condition. Basically a % of small divided by a % blue of the total gives us a number and the conditional probability is blue because it is "given that it is blue"
P(A/B) =P(A∩B)/P(B)
P-PROBABILITYA-EVENT 1B-EVENT 2
Example P(G/B)=P(G∩B) P(B)
%GREEN TO THE TOTAL OF PARTS/ % OF BLUE OF THE TOTAL OF PARTS. Where B is always the conditional property denoted by the statement (given that....)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 P.369
The temperature of the coffee is an important characteristic in a restaurant. The temp of 15 randomly selected cups is 168F. which term best describes this average temperature?
C) statistic
A parameter is a characteristic of a population. Frequently estimated by a statistic.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.125
A characteristic of a population is called what?
D) parameter
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.94
The probability the part being defective is .02. What is the probability it is not defective?
C) .98
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.95
You need to know the probability that two events will occur. Say you know that the probability of event A occurring is .72 and B is .03. What must be known?
Both A and B must be known to be independent and not dependent on each other.
The symbol ∩ represents intersection or the word ‘and’. (X not -/+)
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 125 #20
What does AND mean in set theory?
"and" means multiplication in probability theory because it calculates the joint probability of two events occurring together. The symbol ∪ is employed to denote the union of two sets. Thus, the set A ∪ B—read “A union B” or “the union of A and B”—is defined as the set that consists of all elements belonging to either set A or set B (or both)²
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica
What is the multiplication rule? Considering set theory and intersection.
remember the symbol ∩ for intersection in set theory. think A∩D or multiply and then Union or mUtUally exclusive is ADD
This is used for two independent results (they must not depend on each other) and is probability of A and B occurring is ∩.
P(A∩B)=P(A) X P(B). defines this rule. What is it called?
where P is a parameter
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 125 #20
The probability that event A occurs is .40, the probability that event B occurs is .13, and A and B are mutually exclusive events, what is the probability that events A and B both occur?
D) .53
Since events A and B are mutually exclusive, they cannot occur simultaneously.Therefore P(A∩B)=0 & P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 125 #21
Probabilities take on values of what generally?
C) between 0 and 1
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 125 #21
What defines a continuous probability distribution often used to model problems in reliability that have a constant failure rate?
C) Weibull distribution which is an exponential distribution
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). index
What is the Greek letter for lambda and what does it mean?
Λ, λ that means the mean.
mean X̄=∑ x/n where ∑ means to add up the sums. data values X divided by the n number of values given. Known as the measurement of central tendency.
What is Euler's number and how does it relate to the importance of probability math?
Euler's number is one of the most important constants in mathematics. It frequently appears in problems dealing with exponential growth or decay, where the rate of growth is proportionate to the existing population. Euler's number (e=2.713 a constant…)
Source: investopedia
What Greek letter used for the abstraction operator?
Abstraction (from the Latin abs, meaning away from and trahere , meaning to draw) is the process of taking away or removing characteristics from something in order to reduce it to a set of essential characteristics.
The _______________, λ (lambda), is said to bind its variable wherever it occurs in the body of the abstraction. Variables that fall within the scope of an abstraction are said to be bound.
Its namesake, the Greek letter lambda (λ), is used in lambda expressions and lambda terms to denote binding a variable in a function
This is often a reasonable model of defects in material or the number of failures in systems. For example the data shows in every planting cycle of 100 there are 4 plants that are unsellable, and you want to know the probability of X failures by % and then add them and subtract from 1. This gives a % of failure.
POISSON must have counts or occurrences independent of each other, and the probability that the counts in an interval is the same for all intervals of that size or length.
D) Poisson distribution
the Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events occur with a known constant mean rate and independently of the time since the last event.²
P (x;μ)= (e^ (-μ) μ^x)/x
μ = λ =x̄
all mean the mean or ∑ x/nx is the number of occurrences (k=0,1,2,…)
e is Euler's number (e=2.713 a constant…)
! is the factorial function. In short, a factorial is a function that multiplies a number by every number below it till 1. so the factorial function always is 1
¹Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). index
this is the factorial function and alwaysequals 1.
In Mathematics, factorial is an important function, which is used to find how many ways things can be arranged or the ordered set of numbers
Source: Factorial | Definition, Symbol, & Facts | Britannica
When a power or exponent is given a value of zero what is done with it? For example 4⁰?
This value is raised to an exponent of zero and thus would be given a value of the numeral 1.
What happens when the numerator (top) in a Poisson distribution or otherwise has a negative power?
The numerator has a negative power and this is moved to the denominator within the numerator and the - is removed.
Source: https://youtu.be/uO6YXKuzXsA
___, is used in lambda expressions and lambda terms to denote binding a variable in a function.
λ also known as ____ in the Greek Alphabet.
The probability of two independent events (the occurrence of one event does not depend on the other) can be found by?
The symbol ∩ represents intersection or the word ‘and’. Think of a graph and probablity. P (A ∩ B) = 0 or the probability of A and B happening together is = 0. this is because the mutually exclusive is ∪ or union and thus +/- because they graph as parallel and CANNOT happen at the same time
A) multiplying the two probabilities of the events
Remember a probability is between 0 and 1
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.370
The cost of quality regards only failure costs?
False
The cost of quality regards all costs 1. prevention costs 2. appraisal costs 3. failure costs. Not just one of them.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.101
The three major categories commonly used for quality cost categories are?
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.100
Failure costs come in two forms, what are they and when do they occur relative to delivery?
internal: occurs prior to delivery.
external: occurs after delivery.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.101
In one year the cost of proficiency testing was 10,000USD for an external agency. The would be categorized as?
C) appraisal costs
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 17 #22
money spent on review of the supplier is what type of cost?
D) prevention costs
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 17
What is the costs collection agency of the company? And whose responsibility is the collection of quality costs?
the finance department and the controller handles the collection of quality costs.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp.105
Test equipment depreciation is what type of costs?
B) appraisal costs
Appraisal includes test equipment and calibration as well.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 18 #25
Many training programs are organized in 5 phases. What are they and what is the acronym? IN INDEX (you should remember there are 5 phases in a training program known as this.)
1. Assess the need for training.
2. Design a curriculum
3. Develop the lesson plans an training materials.
4. Implement the plan (instruct)
5. Evaluate effectiveness
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.109
Which of the following is NOT a reason for failure of a training program? According to Gryna (1988) there are 10 reasons that a training programs fail. NOT IN INDEX¹²
The problem needs the solution and many techniques can get to the same end result. A technique oriented training program is pendantic.
A) training is problem oriented rather than technique oriented.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 19
Source²: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.110 CHPTR 2 The Quality System.
Define not mutually exclusive. What happens when a NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE formula is used?
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division?
Not _____________means that two instances or outcomes can occur simultaneously, and one outcome does not limit the other from being possible. The formula is P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - (PA∩B)
The symbol ∩ represents intersection or the word ‘and’ (x or multiply). intersection of a set A with a B is the set of elements that are in both set A and B. P(A∪B) means mutually exclusive or parallel.
A number that describes a sample is called a _____, while a number describing a ______is called a parameter.
statistic
population
Source: https://www.scribbr.com/
category/statistics
Remember, a population is all possible outcomes or objects of interest. Per Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT1 pg. 619 glossary.
What is the special addition rule for mutually exclusive events? It determines the probability of two events that happen together.
P (A ∩ B) = 0 means parallel or mutually exclusive. The symbol ∩ represents intersection or the word ‘and’. The special addition formula is P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B). Think not intersecting. Mutually exclusive (OR-∪). Unions. An element is in the union of two sets if it is in the first set, the second set, or both. The symbol we use for the union is ∪. The word that you will often see that indicates a union is "or"
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.365
In set theory the sybmol U means OR and is denoted as what math symbol?
recall that in set theory probabilities must be between zero and one, inclusive. And we count only one probability once.
Plus or minus.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.368
If the event is independent in inference statistics using probability, how is this shown in math?
∪ means union.
This is shown by multiplication. AND.
P(A∩instersectionB) = P(A)P(B).
Which of the following quality characteristics is an attribute? IN INDEX
a defect has no real measurement on a continuous scale and thus is an (discrete) attribute versus one that is and is thus a variable (continuous). See BOK PP 216
B) number of defects
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 23#1 & pp33.
Source²: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). index
What is a "go / no-go gauge"? And what is an acceptable part?
A) mates with only the go end of the limit gauge
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp 23 & pp33.
Source²: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). index
3 widely used maintenance and repair policies are?
1. maintenance
2. predictive maintenance
3. preventive maintenance
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.115 chpt 3 product, process & service design.
When the inspected can be classified into one of exactly two possible categories, the _____ is often appropriate to model this situation.
can be thought of as simply the probability of a SUCCESS or FAILURE outcome in an experiment or survey that is repeated multiple times. Source: Statisticshowto.com Also known as conditional distribution probability
binomial distribution is used with this many categories for an inspected item or items.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP.116
What is a marginal distribution and a conditional distribution as located in a table?
In the image below the marginal is circled and the conditional regards the columns away from the margin. This is also known as conditional distribution probability.
Why is it that a polynomial (many terms) cannot use a square root or division?
avoiding fractional exponents
A polynomial cannot have a square root or use division. The reason is that this would involve a power that is not a whole number (since a square root is a power of 1/2)
What is a binomial, polynomial, and monomial and term in Algebra?
In algebra, a binomial is a polynomial that is the sum of two terms, each of which is a monomial. A nomial is any number other than 0.
Binomial is an algebraic expression that has two terms. See image below
Polynomials are algebraic expressions that have numbers, variables, and exponents. They can only include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and positive integer exponents, but not division or square rootsTerm In math, a term is a value on which mathematical operations occur in an expression. A term can be a constant, a variable, or both. Terms are separated by + or - signs, or sometimes by divide. The number in front of a term is called a coefficient
What can be used to indicate the levels of _______ as minor, major, serious, and critical? Used to indicate the levels of prioritization. NOT IN INDEX
desirability or consequence categories.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 116 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
Identify the following verbal forms of improvement as defined by ISO9001.
_____ indicates a possibility or capability.
_____ indicates a permission.
_____ indicates a recommendation.
_____ indicates a requirement.
ISO9001 calls these verbal forms of improvement
A) can, may, should, shall
Shall is in the index but the term verbal forms of improvement are not.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 116 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
________are linked to phases within the product/ process development life cycle. NOT IN INDEX or GLOSSARY
C) design phases
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 116 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
Designs for products and processes are influenced by factors known as _____ and are requirements placed on products and processes. NOT IN INDEX OR GLOSSARY
C) inputs
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 118 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
______ are measurable requirements to achieve quality. customers will seldom mention _______, yet they are essential to delivering quality in a product or process output. IN INDEX
CtQs (critical to quality).
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 118 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
What must be understood about the CTQs prior to use and what is the highest level of these?
The voice of the customer (VOC) and the driver is the highest.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 119 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
What is the difference between constrained design and or constraining the process or product resulting from the design? Specifically, what is constrain the process also known as?
constrained means the design must guide design efforts.
Constrain the processresulting from the design. Such as in DESIGN FOR COST / DESIGN FOR X.Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 119 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
_____________is not to be confused with the well-known DFSS (design for six sigma) approach to Six Sigma. While ______ (Six sigma) focuses on solving existing problems or processes. DFSS focusses on eliminating problems before they occur.
DFSS - Design For Six Sigma focuses on eliminating problems before they occur.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 121 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
What is an approach to design that focuses on development of products and processesable to perform under specified conditions, in a specified environment, and for specified periods of time.
If it is able to perform under specified conditions it is _____?
B) Design for reliability (DFR)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 121 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
The practice of the design function and associated activities by a team of engineers, technicians, management, and administrative personnel such that all aspects of the design phases are considered simultaneously.
If two things happen simultaneously
A) Concurrent Engineering
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 121 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
This is defined as: Quality function deployment(QFD) is one framework for the design process that captures the voice of the customer (VOC). Used to guide design efforts to ensure that customer expectations are met. Hint: These are requirements.
The house of quality would allow one to trace this back to the VOC
Requirements traceability.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 121 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
This was introduced into the American industry in the 1980s by the American supplier Institute of Livonia, Michigan, which remains one of the organizations that actively promotes its usage.
C) Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 121 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
A technical review that assesses the maturity of the product or system design and remaining risks. It determines whether the system is ready to move into prototype development.
C) Critical design review
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 126 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
This type of review determines the system is operating with managed risk?
D) in-service review
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 127 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
There are two types of tolerances. What are they?
C) unilateral (one direction) and bilateral (two directions)
If a part measures its maximum material limit of size everywhere, it should be of perfect form. this is referred to as _____________ ________ and is at the low limit for a hole or slot, high limit for parts such as shafts, bolts, or pins.
D) maximum material condition
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 127 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
This is a system of specifying the true position, size, or form of a part feature and the amount it may vary from the ideal. The advantage of the system is that it allows the one responsible for making the part to divide tolerances between position and size as he or she finds best. The symbol looks like a bull's eye.
D) positional tolerancing
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 129 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
There are process and product validation broken down into several parts. what are they?
These 4 phases encompass the entire manufacturing process.
installation Qualification (IQ) establish that all systems and equipment installed correctly.
Operational Qualification (OQ) performed to establish equipment control limits meets requirements.
Process Qualification (PQ) establish that the process consistently produces acceptable products under normal conditions.
Product Performance Qualification (PPQ) validated processes produce a product that meets specifications.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 133 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
reliability is a time dependent quality characteristic. Thus traditional methods for quality control cannot be used to ensure product reliability and maintainability. NOT IN INDEX
True
this is a major part of risk analysis. See chapter 7 of the BOK CQE.¹
Known around the world as the seven traditional quality control (7-QC) tools, they are:
Cause-and-effect diagram (also called Ishikawa diagram or fishbone diagram)
Check sheet.
Control chart.
Histogram.
Pareto chart.
Scatter diagram.
Stratification.²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 133 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
Source²:What is Statistical Process Control? SPC Quality Tools - ASQ
What is the probability that a product or service will operate properly for a specified time (design life) under the design operating conditions? IN GLOSSARY
this is the definition of reliability
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 133 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
Reliability can only be measured at the time of release of a product.
False
The reliability of a product cannot be measured at time of product release. but rather it must be predicted. Because reliablity involves the expected life of the product and includes preventive and scheduled maintenance.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 134 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
The main factors that leads to a system's failure include? NOT IN INDEX
acronym S.C.O.P.E.D
1. System's design and configuration,
2. Component Reliability, the
3. Operating environment, and the
4. Preventive and scheduled maintenance.
5. Environmental interactions
6. Defects in manufacturing.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 134 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
Three important functions help quantify reliability. What are they? (This means Otherwise known as)
1. reliability function
R(t)=(N-x)/N
where R(t) at time t reliability r and N-x is number of survivors and x failures
2. failure time distribution function (aka cumulative probability distribution function.)
F(t)=X/N where time t and F(t)+R(t)=1 in the reliability function above.
3. hazard rate function (instantaneous failure rate) defined as the limit of failure rate as the time interval approaches zero.
H(t)=number of failures per unit time/ number of units tested per unit time. Or..
ĥ(t)=n²-n³/n²(t³-t²) see PP136.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 134 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
The reliability function and the cumulative distribution function (failure rate function) added equals what? NOT IN INDEX
1.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 134 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
This _____ regards the limit of the failure rate as the time interval approaches zero. In other words, it provides an instantaneous rate of failure at some time t.
D) reliability function: R(t)=(N-x)/N where R(t) at time t reliability r and N-x is number of survivors and x failures
all of these statements are true
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 134 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
The hazard function is an instantaneous failure rate. Because the failure occurs at time T instantaneously. What is the formula?
H(t)= Number of failures per unit time Number of components tested per unit time
this translates to
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 135 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
The symbol ^ means what is statistical methods, where it is typically called a caret
This means an estimated quantity
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 134 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
probability density function is also known as what?
A) failure density
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 136 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
In a reliability table what is the term upper bound meaning?
Upper Bound. A value that is greater than or equal to every element of a set of data. Example: in {3,5,11,20,22} 22 is an upper bound
But be careful! 23 is also an upper bound (it is greater than any element of that set), in fact any value 22 or above is an upper bound, such as 50 or 1000.
When reading this reliability term what does it mean?
1000<t<2000
Parametric Binomial: Used when the test duration is different from the time of the required reliability. An underlying distribution should be assumed.
Source: Reliability Test Design - ReliaWiki
What is the use of values for i=2 in a relaiability table. What is it?
In reliability statistics this is the interval from a reliability table. It is given at the top of the table as a value. ¹
The imaginary unit or unit imaginary number (i) is a solution to the quadratic equation . Although there is no real number with this property, i can be used to extend the real numbers to what are called complex numbers, using addition and multiplication.
Basically, “i” is the imaginary part which is also called iota. Value of i is √-1 A negative value inside a square root signifies an imaginary value. All the basic arithmetic operators are applicable to imaginary numbers.
source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 136 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
source³: Value of I - Commonly Used Values of i (vedantu.com)
In the reliability formulas for failure rate, density function, and cumulative distribution the N means what?
N means the number of identical components tested In the reliability formulas for _______, ______, &_______.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 134 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
When estimating reliability of two kinds of simple systems?
series and parallel systems are these types of systems.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 140 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
What is a standby system and a K out of N system? Recall the two kinds of simple systems are parallel and series.
The Standby Model evaluates improved reliability when backup replacements are switched on when failures occur.
A system having n components is said to be k-out-of-n system if and only if at least k components out of n are required to function successfullyfor the successful operation of the system.Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 140 CHPT 3 product, process, & service design
The parameters of a standard normal distribution are?
Population mean µ & population variance σ.¹
Source ¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 376 CHPT 6 quantitative methods and tools.
The area of the curve of the distribution represents probability (or percentage or proportion), while the middle high point of the curve represents mean. Usually, this graph looks like a bell. This describes what?
The normal distribution used in probability statistics and Z-score for a random variable X is defined by the number of standard deviations between X and the mean of the distribution.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 376 CHPT 6 quantitative methods and tools.
This distribution is used to model problems in reliability. An example is patient wait times in an emergency room and Poisson Distribution.
Exponential distribution.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 380 CHPT 6 quantitative methods and tools.
When it is desired to determine the average time between failures how is this calculated?
MTBF (mean time between failures) is the inverse time between the average number of failures or defects.
If we know we have .69 failures per hour then 1/.069=1.45hrs.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 380 CHPT 6 quantitative methods and tools.
What is the formula for a quadratic function.
A quadratic function is one of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are numbers not equal to zero.
The graph of a quadratic function is a curve called a parabola. Parabolas may open upward or downward and vary in "width" or "steepness", but they all have the same basic "U" shape.¹
In a probability distribution , the weighted average of possible values of a random variable, with weights given by their respective theoretical probabilities, is known as the expected value , usually represented by E(x).¹
The Y-intercept of the regression line is the expected value of Y when X is equal to 0. The Y-intercept may or may not be statistically relevant to the problem because the data collection may not have taken place around the point .²
What is the weighted average formula for expected value?
In a probability distribution , the weighted average of possible values of a random variable, with weights given by their respective theoretical probabilities, is known as the expected value , usually represented by E(x)
The weighted average formula for expected value is given by multiplying each possible value for the random variable by the probability that the random variable takes that value and summing all these products. It can be written as
E(x)=∑xiP(xi)
where xi
covers all possible values for the random variable, and P(xi)
is the respective theoretical probability.
E(x)
is also called as mean of the probability distribution because it tells what to expect in the " long run "- that is, after many trials.
Example. probability distribution for a single roll of a die and the amount that will be paid for each outcome.
This is another form of redundancy where the minimum number of units needed to properly operate the system share the load equally, and other units are available on standby but can only share the load when one or more units fail?
Cold standby
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 144 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
There are 3 types of standby systems. What are they?
Cold, hot, and warm standby
1. Cold: where the minimum number of units needed to properly operate the system share the load equally, and other units are available on standby but can only share the load when one or more units fail
2. Hot standby: is a redundant method in which one system runs simultaneously with an identical primary system. Upon failure of the primary system, the hot standby system immediately takes over, replacing the primary system. Both systems have identical data.
3. Warm: more than 50% load is a primary unit. Others are in a warm state. Running at min.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 144 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
The three most common statistical distributions are?
three most common types of this are: the binomial distribution, the normal (and standard normal, also known as Z-distribution), and the t-distribution.¹
Define measures of relative standing: which are numbers showing the location of data values within the same data set.
1. z-score: (also called the standard score), the 2
2. percentiles (and their percentile rank)
3. quartiles: each of four equal groups into which a population can be divided according to the distribution of values of a particular variable.² four equal parts: 25%,50%,75% and 100% .
Recall from the American Society of Quality Book of Knowledge that there are two types of statistical studies: decriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics may be categorical and summarized how?
number of individuals in each group and percentage of individuals in each group.
1. They are typically summarized using the number of individuals in each group (called the frequency)
2. or the percentage of individuals in each group (called the relative frequency).
Some descriptive statistics are more appropriate than others in certain situations; for example, the average isn’t always the best measure of the center of a data set; the _______ is often a better choice.
What is the fundamental difference between MTTF and MTBF?
The MTTF mean time to failure is the expected time between two failures when the system is non-repairable.
The MTBF mean time between failures is calculated when the system is repairable.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 144 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
This can be powerful and effective tool for system subsystem product or process design or service delivery improvement. However, it can not be used to identify combinations of failures even when they are significant furthermore it. Usually confined to analysis and evaluation of technical risk and not financial or strategic risks.
FMEA: Failure modes and effect analysis
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 156 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
FMEA or failure modes effect analysis is focused at what?
This is focused at system or subsystem BOUNDARIES Where potential failures are most likely to occur, & this includes functional, i.e., Expected outcomes assuming normal operation or operational components, i.e., Specific outputs expected as compared with. Tolerance and specifications and timing.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 157 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
________ ________are a normal part of key milestones in the product development process, such as concept reviews, concepts of approvals, preliminary design reviews, and final design reviews.
design FMEA.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 157 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
In design experiments a factor or process input that can be manipulated by the experimenter and is presumed to affect the output of a process.
Control factor. As opposed to sensitivity analysis that uses data (information not yet analyzed) to adjust inputs and examine possible outputs.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). Glossary
What type of FMEAs are there?
1. Design & process [most often used]
2. System/ sub system
3. Service delivery
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 157 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
What are the two standards for failure modes and effect analysis?
The military standard (MIL STD 1629A) and the society of automotive engineers standard. (SAE J1739)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 157 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
Measures of reliability are defined for repairable systems such as
system availability (instantaneous, average uptime, inherent, operational, and achieved availabilities) meantime to repair MTTR and maintainability.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 145 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
This is defined as the average time to repair a failure, not including waiting time for parts or tools to start to repair.
MTTR mean time to repair a failure.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 146 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
A ____________ requires no repairs, replacements, or preventive maintenance until failures occur, which allows for maximum run time between repairs. Although a ______________does allow for maximum run time between repairs, it is neither economical nor efficient, as it may result in a. Catastrophic failure that requires extensive repair time and cost. NOT IN INDEX /GLOSSARY
Corrective maintenance policy.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 146 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
What two criteria are required for preventive maintenance?
1. The cost to repair the system after its failure is greater than the cost of maintaining the system before its failure.
2. The failure rate function of the system is monotonically (monotone) increasing with time. Replacing or maintaining the system before failures does not affect the probability that the system will fail in the next instant given that it is now good.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 146 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
What is a condition parameter? Think of a variable kept constant during an experiment and a requirement, term, or prerequisite.
A __________ _______ can be any characteristic. Such as vibration, sound temperature, corrosion, crack growth wear, or lubricant condition.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 147 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
The final of 3 main tasks must be fulfilled. For predictive maintenance. What ia it?
3. The final task of this is to determine the limit value of the condition parameter and its two components, the alarm value in the breakdown value.
The others are 1. Find the condition parameter that can describe the condition of the machine. 2. Monitor the condition parameter and assess the current machine condition from the measured data.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 147 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
What are the three main tasks performed in Predictive Maintenance?
1. Find the condition parameter
2. Monitor condition parameter
3. Determine the limit value of the condition parameter
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 147 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
What are the 3 regions in the bathtub. Which regions can be can be Described by time-dependent failure rate functions. What is the most widely used failure rate model that describes these regions?
First and third regions of the general failure rate models can be described by time dependent failure rate functions. The weibel failure rate is the most widely used failure rate model that describes these regions. The 2nd region in the general failure rate model bathtub curve shows a constant failure rate where (λ)is the constant failure rate. Thus, H(t)=(λ)¹
Recall: In the Poisson distribution formula, lambda (λ) is the mean number of events within a given interval of time or space. For example, λ = 0.748 floods per year.²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 148 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
What happens to the wheel distribution when y equals 1=1 or Y=2?
When Y=1, the rate function becomes constant.
When Y=2, the resultant hazard function is linear with time, and its pdf becomes the Rayleigh distribution. ¹
Pdf- probability distribution function.
H(t)=(y/θ theta)t^y-1 WEIBULL FAILURE RATE
Where Y and θ theta are the two shape and scale parameters of the two parameter weibull distribution. ¹
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 149 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
In an MTTF, mean time to failure rate formula, the basic formula for a constant rate is 1/ λ=MTTF. (Constant failure rate). What is the failure rate if a battery fails every 5hrs?
LambdaΛ λ is the component failure rate. How can the S/N equal S/λ where λ is the failure rate.
Thus, if a battery fails in 5 hours, the failure rate is 1/5 or .2
1/λ is the reciprocal of the failure rate. This is true only for the contant failure rate (exponential) model.
lambda (λ) is the mean number of events within a given interval of time or space
To calculate MTTF, divide the total number of hours of operation by the total number of assets in use.
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 142 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
What does e in statistics mean?
In statistics, the symbol e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828183 also called Eulers number.
Source:
In the 2nd region identified in the general failure rate model (the bathtub curve), what is the most common cause for failures?
Random failures: The 2nd region of a bathtub curve is the constant failure rate region. This region is characterized by the inherent failure rate of the components of a product.¹
The first region has a decreasing failure rate due to early failures. The middle region is a constant failure rate due to random failures. The last region is an increasing failure rate due to wear-out failures.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016. Pp31 #40
Which probability distribution is often used to model the second region of the bathtub curve?
The 2nd region of the bathtub curve is characterized by a constant failure rate. The exponential distribution is the only probability distribution that has a constant failure rate. Therefore, exponential distribution is often used to model the second region of the bathtub curve.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp40
Which probability distribution is often used to model the third region of the bathtub curve?
Weibull
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp32 #42
The main goal of FMEA failure mode's affection analysis is to reduce the number of defects produced in a process? true or false?
False.
This is done to reduce the negative effects of potential failures before they occur.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP32
An FMEA team has identified a potential failure assessed the following score for severity occurrence, and detection for this failure mode is 8, 2, 6. What is the RPN for this failure mode?
RPN means risk priority number and is the multiple of S severity O occurrence and D detection ranging from 1 to 10. ¹ ² Thus 8x2x6=96
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 32
Source²: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 142 CHPT 3 product, processes, and service design.
What is an assessment of risk that provides a prioritization of corrective action based on severity and occurrence of failure modes?
FEMCA. Failure effect modes critical analysis.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 40
You would typically find in a reaction plan a control chart? True or false? NOT IN INDEX PR GLOSSARY
False.
You would typically find detailed methods to contain the questionable products². Good reaction plans include four critical elements
1. containment
2. diagnosis verification and
3. disposition.¹
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 182 CHPT 4 product and process control.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 32
Source²: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 41
What is the difference between an NP chart and a P chart?
P chart: Monitors the PROPORTION nonconforming in a process. A control chart. The “P” in P chart stands for the p (the proportion of successes) of a binomial distribution.
NP chart: Monitors the nonconforming units in a sample. A control chart. Think parameter (P) for a population of samples. The “NP” in NP charts stands for the np (the mean number of successes) of a binomial distribution.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 618 glossary
A type I error in hypothesis testing corresponds to which of the following in acceptance sampling?
in numerical order is producer and consumer
B) producer's risk
A type 1 error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is true.
Source:
These are used to document and communicate the plan for monitoring and controlling the process. It summarizes information from various sources into a single handy document for quick reference on the production line. Its format is not important.
Control plan.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 182 CHPT 4 product and process control.
In hypothesis testing, a statement about a population parameter or distribution form of a quality characteristic that is to be tested. It is often the statement of no difference.
This statement of _____________is known as null hypothesis.
Source: Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). Glossary
How does the control plan begin? What are poka yokes? What does this mean and how is it scored?
think of postfix notation and its synonym.
The control plan begins with failure mode's effect analysis FMEA. Some failure modes can be prevented in the process OR the use of these are reduced to a very low frequency through the use of design experiments to optimize the process. These risks are scored using risk priority numbers RPNs.¹
A term that means to mistake proof a process by building safeguards into the system that avoid or immediately find errors.The term comes from the japanese term poka, which means error and yokeru, which means to avoid.²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 182 CHPT 4 product and process control.¹
Source²: index as per above.
What is the final link in a seamless chain that begins with FMEA?
The control plan.
The chain looks like this.
1. FMEA
2. Nondestructive testing.
3. RPN (risk priority numbers)
4. Process Control
5. R&R (repeatability and reproducibility)
6. requirements
7. Control Plan. (Most important and tells the operator what to do)
8. Feedback mechanism in process: As new or unexpected failure modes are discovered on the line, they update the control plan and feed the information back to update the FMEA. Keeping the documentation current will facilitate the advanced quality plan (AQP) process during future programs.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 182 CHPT 4 product and process control.
What is a critical control point?
A step or point in the process in which a major or serious failure in the production can be introduced.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 183 CHPT 4 product and process control.
The effort to eliminate opportunities for errors in the process should include what?
Work instructions.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 186 CHPT 4 product and process control.
Regarding material control, it addresses the raw materials, works in progress (WIP), and final products and how they are physically controlled, identified, and tracked. The 1st step in control is ______. And the last step is _______.
Classification
Disposition.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 186 CHPT 4 product and process control.
What is defined as a process for establishing the maintenance consistency of a product's performance, functional, and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life?
configuration management uses traceability is quality but in project management this is how the deliverable product is managed. PMI related.
Configuration management.¹ Recall that material identification, status, and traceability can achieve this.¹
Common components and configuration management plans main elements are... ²
1. configuration plan
2. procedures and guidelines
3. identification process and
4. Change control process.
5. A record status process and
6. audit process.
Scott Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 187 CHPT 4 product and process control.¹ PP216²
Why are work instructions an important part of process control? NOT IN INDEX
The help reduce process errors.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 41
Material identification status and traceability can be achieved through?
Configuration management (CM), which? This is a process for establishment and maintaining consistency of a product's performance, functional, and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 187 CHPT 4 product and process control.
What is the best way to identify a materials identification, status, and traceability?
D) RFID. (radio frequency identification)Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 187 CHPT 4 product and process control.
Recall that all of these are related and truths about Material identification, status, and traceability.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 41
Why is it important to identify materials used in producing a product?
D) To help manufacturers reduce risk.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 41
What does ISO9001 standard say about product identification and traceability?
ISO 9001 sets out the criteria for a quality management system and is the only standard in the family that can be certified to by an organization
Product identification must be provided When required by a customer. Properly identified items must have a unique number and are tracked by their location and the process differences between items between lots must be distinguishable.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 189 CHPT 4 product and process control.
Keeping non-conforming products from being mixed with good conforming products within a manufacturing plant is known as defective classification or compliance. True or false?
False. Material segregation.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 42
What is the difference between a defect and a non conformity?
A defect is an non-conformity severe enough to cause the product not to satisfy normal usage requirements.nonconformity is a failure of a quality characteristic that prevents the product from meeting a specification.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 191 CHPT 4 product and process control.
What or whom has the assignment to determine what corrective actions must be taken after non-conforming parts or components are discovered?
The Material Review Board.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 192 CHPT 4 product and process control.
A minor defect, unlike major ones, may adversely affect only the integrity of the part component or assembly. True or false?
False. Minor defects do not affect the integrity of the part component or assembly.
Recalled there are 4 types of defects
1. critical: severe injury or catastrophic economic loss.
2 serious: injury or significant economic loss.
3 major: major problems during normal use.
4 minor: minor problems during normal use.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 193 CHPT 4 product and process control.
What term is common with the material review boards regarding a procedure where a certain type of defect occurs time and again?
What is standard repair.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 193 CHPT 4 product and process control.
What is defined as the process of inspecting a portion of the Product in a lot for the purpose of making a decision regarding classification of the entire lotas either conforming or non conforming to quality specifications.
Acceptance sampling. ¹
An example of this is single sampling plan where acceptance of the lot is based on the ŋ items randomly selected from a submitted lot. ²
¹Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 193 CHPT 4 product and process control. ²PP195
The Poisson approximation to the binomial was often employed for calculating the probability of acceptance (Pa) when the sample sizes of interest were?
recall that central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean will always follow a normal distribution when the sample size gets larger
A) very large
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 197 CHPT 4 product and process control.
With modern software binomial computations are no longer a problem;however, Poisson approximations are still sometimes used for the binomial distribution. The Poisson approximation is acceptable when?
With modern software binomial computations are no longer a problem. However, Poisson approximations are still sometimes used for the binomial distribution. The approximation is acceptable when p<0.1
B) p<0.1
The Poisson distribution is a probability distribution that describes the number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events occur with a known average rate and independently of the time since the last event. The Poisson distribution can be used to approximate the binomial distribution when the probability of success is “small” (such as 0.01) and the number of trials is “large” (such as 1,000)1
Note: The binomial distribution has two parameters: the probability of success (p) and the number of Bernoulli trials (N). The output from a binomial distribution is a random variable, k.
Which OC curve is used to calculate the probability of acceptance on a lot by lot basis and when it is not part of what?
Type A OC curves are basedon the hypogeometric distribution and Type B curves are based on the binomial or Poisson distribution.
Type A OC curves are used to inspect on a lot by lot basis when the lot is not part of a continuous process.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 196 CHPT 4 product and process control.
The type B OC curves are used to evaluate sampling plans for a?
continuous process or where the lot size N is very large.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 196 CHPT 4 product and process control.
Are type A and B OC curves related to type A and B errors?
Yes, Type A and B OC curves are related to type A and type B errors. Type A OC curves are drawn for the sampling plans with finite lots that is N is less than infinity. Type B OC curves are those in which we assume that the lot size is infinite
Source: https://www.chegg.com
A company requires a part on a small lot by lot basis. Which of the following probability distributions should the sampling plan be based?
Because the products are received on a lot by lot basis the computations needed to calculate the binomial probabilities were often impracticle. The OC curve should be based on a hyper geometric distribution.
The OC curve is called type A OC curve type B OC curves are used to evaluate a sample plan for a continuous process or for a process that has a large lot size type B OC curves are developed using the binomial or poison distributions.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 197 CHPT 4 product and process control.
Acceptance sampling is most appropriate?
B) Both A and C
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 58 & 43
Sampling an inspection has several advantages as it saves time and energy compared to 100% inspection. However, there is a variability inherent in sampling. Therefore, there are chances of making type 1 and type 2 errors. What are these regarding?
C) Rejecting lots that conform to the quality specifications or accepting lots that do not conform to quality specifications. Type 2 Beta Consumers risk or type 1 alpha producers risk.
Source¹: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 PP 58
The ANSI/ASQ Z1.4 and Z1.9 - Sampling Procedures and Tables Package establishes sampling plans and procedures for inspection by?
variables and attributes. Where there are 3 major categories of sampling plans that includes special sampling where the later is used to inspect fewer than 10 units where the cost or time involved is very high.
the following phrase describes what? usually include the inspection of fewer than 10 units. Special Inspection is usually performed if your product requires time-consuming or technical tests, which might destroy your product.
Special sampling as opposed to the other two major categories of sampling: attribute and variables (used by ANSI/ASQZ1.4
There are 3 major categories of sampling plans what are they?
Recall that acceptance sampling is not advised for continuous production, or a process is statistical control.
A) 1. Attributes 2. Variables.3. Special sampling
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). PP. 195 CHPT 4 product and process control.
What is the consumer's risk for any given sampling plan?
C) This is also called lot tolerance percent defective with a 10% probability of acceptance.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 195
What is a type 1(ALPHA) & type 2 (beta) error?
Type 1, or alpha (α)error also referred to as the producer’s risk: An alpha error is when you believe something significant happened, but it didn’t. In other words, you might reject a good product because you thought it was defective when it wasn’t.
Type 2, or beta (β)error, also referred to as the consumer's risk: This error occurs when you didn't reject when you should have. You missed something significant and failed to take action. This time, your product was defective, but you missed it and shipped the bad product to the consumer.
What is hypergeometric distribution, in statistics? And how does this differ from a binomial distribution? IN INDEX
hypergeometric distribution, in statistics, distribution function in which selections are made from two groupswithout replacing members of the groups. (where independence is not assumed.) The hypergeometric distribution differs from the binomial distribution in the lack of replacements.
Britannica.com
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT6 Quantitative Methods and Tools pg 387
What is the primary tool in lot acceptance sampling plans (LASP)?
D) The operating characteristic (OC) curve is this.
Note: The OC curve allows the sampling plan to be evaluated at a glance by graphically displaying the probabilities of accepting lot submitted at varying levels of % non-conforming the OC curve illustrates the risk involved in accepting sampling.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT2 pg. 196
What is the difference between Z score or standard score and standard deviation. If any?
-The Z-score, or standard score, is the number of standard deviations a given data point lies above or below mean.
-Standard deviation is essentially a reflection of the amount of variability within a given data set.
Source: investopdedia.
Flow charts are intended to help users perform analysis most related to?
C) optimization or process improvement.
Note: all of these are true statementsbut only one answer is correct.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 258
What regards the vital few and the trivial many?
Notice this does not ask for the vital few and the useful many.
80/20 rule. 80 percent of problems are related to 20% of factors.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 260
What is the ______ rule in regards to the Pareto chart?¹ Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist, “discovered” this principle in 1897 when he observed that 80 percent of the land in England (and every country he subsequently studied) was owned by 20 percent of the population.² adopted by Juran.
The 80/20 rule allows users to identify and focus on approximately 20% of factors (i.e. Columns or categories) that account for approximately 80% of potential problems. The purpose of a pareto chart is to identify those "VITAL FEW" areas that account for the largest frequency or relative frequency in a dataset and separate them from the "TRIVIAL MANY".
source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 260
Source²:BALANCING ACT The 80/20 Rule of Time Management-This technique teaches you to focus on what's really important in your life and your life's work. PAMELA J. VACCARO, MA, Fam Pract Manag. 2000;7(8):76
A Pareto chart uses columns or categories of data display (previously as check sheets or histograms) rank ordered from the highest frequency on the _______ to the lowest frequency on the ________.
recall that Ishikawa stated, " As much as ninety-five percent of all quality related problems in the factory can be solved with seven fundamental quantitative tools." this is one of them. typically used for quality control as opposed to planning functions associated with quality assurance.
Highest frequency= left
Lowest frequency=right
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 260
The purpose of this is to graphically document the analysis of factors (causes) that relate to a single problem or opportunity (effect).
This type of diagram is most successful when created by a multi disciplinary team of people.
C) Ishikawa or fishbone diagram.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 261
This is also known as a time series plot or a graphical depiction of data observation over time. Quality engineers use these to understand how a parameter or metric is performing over time WITHOUT regards to control limits or tolerances.
True
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 263
The standard deviation is a measurement of central tendency?
False
Standard deviation is a measure of how spread apart the numbers in a data set are.
Typically, "standard deviation" refers to the variability in a ________ whereas "sigma" refers to the variability in a ________?
standard deviation: variability within a sample (part of the population)
Sigma σ: Variability within a population.
Source: Is standard deviation and sigma the same? - Quora
This is also known as a time series plot or a graphical depiction of data observation over time. Quality engineers use these to understand how a parameter or metric is performing over time WITHOUT regards to control limits or tolerances.
B) Run charts. Each point on the chart corresponds to both a time and a quantity that is being measured.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 263
A PERT chart is a diagram of a project’s timeline and milestones. It visually maps out an entire project so you can easily see milestones, timelines, and who is responsible for what. PERT stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique. Source: https://blog.hubstaff.com/pert-chart/
What differentiates the run chart (time series plot) from various types of control charts?
It does not provide you enough information regarding the stability and trends of the process
C) Exclusion of ontrol limits or tolerances.
A run chart is also called a time series plot and is a graphical depiction of data (observations) over time.²
source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 263 ²GLOSSARY
Its purpose is to graphically display indicators of a relationship between two quantitative variables. The relationship being investigated is called a correlation.
The two variables of interest should have the potential for a cause and effect relationship.
Scatter diagram.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 266
Sample integrity uses batch, change, and configuration control to manage a product or projects deliverable and are also concepts used in Project Management called Configuration management?
Configuration management is a process that includes established methodology, systems, and procedures to control the elements of the change process in PMP practice and relates directly to the quality focus via the deliverable product and the way that is managed.
True
Source: https://www.deepfriedbrainproject.com
sample integrity is discussed in terms of?
sample integrity is oddly the same as the project management configuration control to manage the product. PMI related.
D) all of these
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 215
What are the three possible relationships identified by scattered diagrams?
A scatter diagram examines the relationship between two RANDOM variables: BIVARIATE data
Positive correlation: Y⬆️may depend on⬇️X [scatters toward top right]
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT5 Continuous Improvement pg. 267 figure 5.8
Which of the following is not a method used to maintain sample integrity?
recall that sample integrity uses batch, change, and configuration control and is known as configuration control in Project Management to manage the product to the client.
B) implementing 100% inspection is not this method for this.
source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 215
Which of the following provides the most precise angular measurement?
D) Sine Bar
source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 51
Dimensional (or linear) measuring instruments are used to measure length. They are of two types: what are they?
These two types of instruments are called comparators or absolute instruments and comparative instruments.
ABSOLUTE: An instrument whose calibration can be determined by means of physical measurements on the instrument. Tangent galvanometer, Reyleigh current balance and absolute electrometer
COMPARATIVE: A device that compares the unknown length with the standard. dial indicators , test indicators , and optical comparators.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 218
What is the difference between the X bar chart and the R chart?
The X bar chart (X̅ sample mean) is used to monitor the process mean and the R chart is used to monitor the process variability
The following definition defines what? "those used in conjunction with the various measurement-making instruments, are calibrated in terms of the particular unit definitions involved.
what is the definition of working standards.
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 217
With advanced technology, measurement tools can be classified into how many categories and what are they?
Two general categories: contact (e.g., touch probes) and noncontact (e.g., laser scanners)
Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 218
The Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) is a level of product quality that should be accepted
with a high probability. Typically, this set at___%. The Rejectable Quality Level (RQL) is a level
of product quality that should be accepted with a low probability. Typically, this is set at ___%.
This level is usually accepted with a high probability at 95% and the this quality level is accepted with a low probability. Typically set at 10%.
The _______ is the probability that an acceptable
lot is rejected. We use α to denote the probability of rejection.
null hypothesis (in a statistical test) the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
______ is the probability that an unacceptable lot is accepted. We use ____ to
denote the probability of acceptance.
null hypothesis (in a statistical test) the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
In contrast to ____ sample plans, _____ plans sample the items in the lot one at a time. A
single sample plan has a fixed sample size, and allows the user to make an accept/reject decision
after inspecting a fixed number of samples. The sequential sampling plans don’t have a fixed
sample size
in contrast to single sampling plans the sequential plans sample the times in the lot one at a time. A single sample plan has a ________ sample size. The _________ does not have a fixed sample size.
The OC curve is useful for several quantities of interest, such as the?
This is useful for the AQL (previously the acceptable quality level and now limit) and the LTPD primarily and among others are usefull for this type of curve.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 197/198
The worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of lots is submitted for acceptance sampling. this was changed from acceptable quality level by ANSI/ASQC Z1.4
what is Acceptable quality limit (AQL).
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 197/198
What is the difference between simple and special sampling?
Simple random sampling is a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population. special inspection levels generally point to much smaller sample sizes.
What sampling plan uses the actual measurements of sample products for decision making rather than classifying products as conforming or nonconforming?
There are 3 major categories of sampling plans: attribute, variable, and special sampling. The later is not used for ANSI/Z1.4 standards (government)
C) variable sampling plans
Attribute plans either accept or reject a lot; variable plans give information on how well or poorly the process is performing.²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 210 ²PP211.
The attribute sampling plan for a specific product utilizes an acceptance value of 2 and rejection value of 5. The inspector discovers two defective items in the current sample. What is the next appropriate action?
attributes are discreet data and usually uses a pass fail criteria.
C) Accept the lot since the the number of defective items does not exceed the AC value
The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 46
when using a double sampling plan you will?
D) all of the above
If the d1 number or acceptance number (AC) is more than your acceptance number and lower than the rejection number then you draw another sample. In this case D1=2=AC
The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 60
what is an advantage when testing samples is costly or destructive?
Military standards came from a need for a sampling system that did not require 100% inspection for use in testing munitions and other destructive tests.
sequential sampling has this advantage.¹ Sequential sampling is a sampling technique that involves the evaluation of each sample taken from a population to see if it fits a desired conclusion. The auditor stops evaluating samples as soon as there is sufficient support for the conclusion.²
Source: ¹The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 60
The word that best describes: "(in a statistical test) the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations (two variables), any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error."
C) null hypothesis best describes this definition.
Source: Definitions from Oxford Languages
What is the difference between inferenceand conjecture?
_________: A statement that is valid within a stated error (e.g. confidence interval). ___________: A statement that is not supported by the data.
Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
In statistics the margin of error is equal to half the widthof the entire _________.
half the width of the confidence interval equals this.
There are several types of attribute sampling plans available. What are they?
These are single, double, and multiple being the most common.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 210
Variables sampling plans are more complex in administration than attributes plans, thus, they require more skill. They provide some benefits, however, over attributes plans. Two of these benefits are?
Equal protection to an attributes sampling plan but with a much smaller sample size, are two benefits of this type of sampling plan.
When compared with sampling plans with equal protection, the average sample number of double sampling plans generally is? And why?
C) smaller when the quality is poor or very good.
The probability of making a decision on the first sample will tend to be higher, and thus fewer second samples are required. When the quality of the lots is near the indifference level, the average sample number of double sampling plans is rarely larger.
The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 61
ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2003 (R2013)does not allow what types of sampling?
B) sequential sampling
The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 47
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 209
Double sampling plans have the advantage of a lower total sample size when the incoming quality is either excellent or poor because the lot is?
The lot is either accepted or rejected on the first sample. This type of plan is a plan that uses two samples to decide whether to accept, reject, or take another sample from a lot.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 202
AOQL (average outgoing quality limit) is used to build which kind of sampling plan? Why? ,(NOT FOUND IN BOK)
The AOQL is the maximum or worst possible defective or defect rate for the average outgoing quality. Regardless of the incoming quality, the defective or defect rate going to the customer should be no greater than the AOQL over an extended period of time. This table uses the LTPD (lot tolerance % defective) and the consumers risk at 10%.
D) Dodge-Romig sampling tables.
This table uses the LTPD (lot tolerance % defective) and the consumers risk at 10% for this limit type.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 48
______plans either accept or reject a lot; variables plans give information on how well or poorly the process is performing
In __________, there are single, double, multiple, sequential, chain, and skip-lot sampling plans that measure discrete data, such as the number of defects.
In _______, there are single, double, and sequential sampling plans that measure continuous data, such as time, volume, and length.
_____ sampling plans allow the determination of how close to nominal (name in latin & means no order implied) or a specification limit the process is performing.
Variable sampling plans allow the determination of how close to this the process is performing.
An advantage of variables sampling plans compared to attribute samplig plans is that variables sampling plans:
B) require smaller sample sizes with equal protection compared to attribute sampling plans.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 48/49
What is the difference between AQL and AOQL?
acceptable quality level (AQL) and average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) are these two acronyms.
AQL: You're dealing with larger lot sizes. High volume can complicate inspection, and using AQL helps to simplify the process.
AOQL: for a given acceptance sampling plan for all levels of lot quality given that non-conforming lots are subjected to 100% inspection with replacement of non-conforming units with confirming units
You reqiure a sampling plan for a larger lot size and this can help to simplify the process?
What is the AQL (acceptable quality level) in sampling a lot and why it is used.
What is: the maximum average outgoing quality (AOQ)for a given acceptance sampling plan for all levels of lot quality given that non-conforming lots are subjected to 100% inspection with replacement of non-conforming units with confirming units
This defines AOQL (average outgoing quality limits)
Which of the following parameters are not required to determine a sequential sampling plan? (NOT IN INDEX OR GLOSSARY)
Average Outgoing Quality Limit (AOQL) is a sampling plan which is to be used only when product can be 100% inspected.
D) AOQL (acceptable outgoing quality limit)
To determine a sequential sampling plan, the producer's risk (α), the consumer's risk ( β), the acceptable quality level (AQL=p¹), and the rejectable or limited quality level (RQL=P²) are required.
Source: The ASQ CQE study guide Connie M. Borror and Sarah E. Burke. 2016 pp. 62 #38
strategic planning usually begins with the?
analysis phase is how this begins.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 12
What does the following phrase or phrases describe?
"Is a review/ reporting system in place to monitor the plan?" There are 9 more.
This is part of the Strategic Planning and Effectiveness tests.This one regards monitoring the plan. How?
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 13
The statement "Are the goals and objectives aligned throughout the organization"?
strategic planning and effectiveness tests. There are 9 of them. This one regards goals and objectives asking?
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 13
In Deployment Techniques these provide more specific information about attaining objectives.
Action plans provide this in regards to obtaining objectives.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 16
What is the rate metric that is calculated to determine how well a manufacturing unit, for example a machine, is operating when compared against its full potential in terms of operating time, performance, and quality performance. It covers three questions.
1. is the equipment running?
2. If the equipment is running is it running at its ideal speed?
3. How many of the parts produced are good?
this is Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) and the 3 questions it poses.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 326
What is the formula for OEE (overall equipment effectiveness)?
OEE=Availability x performance x quality
Quality = Good Count / Total Count
Performance = (Ideal Cycle Time × Total Count) / Run Time
Availability = Run Time / Planned Production Time²
Source¹: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 326
source²: Understanding OEE in Lean Manufacturing | Lean Production 2011-2023 Vorne Industries Inc. All Rights Reserved
Availability is measured as?
OEE overall equipment effectiveness
the ratio of operation time to loading time. Or actual versus potential run time for the equipment.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 326
the system used to reduce changeover time and improve timely response to demand is called?
The essence of the _____ system is to convert as many changeover steps as possible to “external” (performed while the equipment is running), and to simplify and streamline the remaining steps.
single minute exchange of dies (SMED) developed by Shigeo Shingo.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 325
Regarding external and internal methods how do they relate to SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die)?
the practice of SMED regarding external and internal is to prefer the external activates done while the machine is down are referred to as internal activities versus the external activities performed in preparation for or follow-up to the die change.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 325
What are two metrics associated with the evaluation of a process?
cycle time and takt time are the two metrics associated with this. Yes. That is spelled correctly.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 325
The following is called what?
here we give the _______ _____ bottom and the rectangular surface area at the top
The datum target
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 325
When the first bin is emptied, the user uses the second bin to restock the system describes what? This is also defined as a "pull based inventory" control system that is used in lean manufacturing and just in time initiatives.
inventory is needed represents the pull.
This describes a Kanban system.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 316
What is used to measure angles in 3 dimensions?
A protractor and an angle finder can measure this.
What is used to determine the conformance or non-conformance of a dimension to a required specifications without attempting actual measurements?
This is the function of gages.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 220
What is TAKT time?
This refers to the amount of time a manufacturer has per unit to produce enough goods to fulfil customer demand.
Note: Takt time is a borrowing of the Japanese word takuto taimu (タクトタイム), which in turn was borrowed from the German word Taktzeit, meaning 'cycle time'. The word was likely introduced to Japan by German engineers in the 1930s. The word originates from the Latin word "tactus" meaning "touch, sense of touch, feeling"
What are the following?
Profile of a surface (top)
Profile of a line (bottom)
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 128
What are the following two symbols?
Runout: top.
Circular runout: bottom.
Source: Scott A. Laman, ASQ certified quality engineer, BOK 2021(c). CHPT4 Product & Process Control pg. 128
Author
johnbowens
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361774
Card Set
QAULITY PROCESS & BOK
Description
a study quide for the ASQ CQE test (certified American Society of Quality and Certified Quality Engineer). There are 175 total questions at 1min 48 seconds between each question. 15 are used for future test development and do not count and are random. All computer-based exams feature a basic scientific calculator on-screen in the exam. Prometric Test Center Administrators can provide you with a hand-held basic calculator upon request. A TI-89 programmable calculator and all such calculators are not allowed in the test.
