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A test that checks for bacteria or another type of organism that may be causing an infection in your lungs or the airways leading to the lungs.
Sputum test
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________ contains cells from the immune system that help fight the bacteria, fungi, or other foreign substances in your lungs or airways.
Sputum
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Principles of Sputum Test
- 1. A mouthwash is done at first to remove any bacterial/fungal contamination.
- 2. Sputum should be coughed from deep in the chest.
- 3. Sputum sample is collected in a sterile, clean, dry and wide-mouthed plastic container with a securely fitting screw cap.
- 4. Mix the sample with sterilize wooden sticks in preparation for examination.
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(Sputum test) Materials
- -clean, dry, leak-proof container
- -phenol-containing disinfectant
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In sputum test, when is the best time to collect sputum?
Early in the morning
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In Sputum Test, to ensure survival of pathogens, transfer purulent part of sputum to a cotton-swab. Insert in container of _____ transport medium.
Amies
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(Sputum Test) __________ and __________ require culturing as soon as possible
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
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(Sputum Test General Flow) The ________ specimen is a smear on
a microscope slide. Different _________ are added to the cells, bacteria, or fungi of the sample on the slides and then washed with ______, ________, or _________. The slides are then diagnosed under a microscope.
- -sputum
- -staining dyes,
- -water, alcohol, or acid solutions
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Advantages of Sputum Test
- -Find and diagnose lung-related illnesses through bacteria, fungi, or parasites
- -See if a chronic illness of the lungs has worsened
- -See if treatment for an infection is working
- -Can diagnose if a person has Löeffler Syndrome/SPE
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Disadvantages of Sputum Test
- -inadequate for a presumptive diagnosis
- -a large number of pulmonary cases will not be detected using only this method
- -Collection of sample may cause discomfort to patients
- -Difficulty to obtain good-quality samples
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Parasites that can be recovered in Sputum Test
- -Paragonimus westermani eggs
- -Strongyloides stercoralis larvae
- -Ascaris lumbricoides larvae
- -hookworm larvae
- -Entamoeba histolytica
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Parasites that can be recovered in Kato-Katz Technique
- -Ascaris lumbricoides
- -Trichuris trichiura
- -Hookworms
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It is a very simple method of detecting and counting eggs of parasites in human feces and is easy to perform in a simple laboratory setup.
Kato-Katz Technique
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Kato-Katz technique or _______________ was developed in 1954 by Japanese medical laboratory scientist Dr. ___________.
cellophane fecal thick smear, Katsuya Kato
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(Principle of Kato-Katz Technique) People infected with ______________ pass the eggs of the worms through their feces. In the Kato-Katz technique, feces are pressed through a __________ to remove large particles. A portion of the sieved sample is then transferred to the hole of a template on a slide. After filling the hole, the template is removed and the remaining sample is covered with a piece of cellophane soaked in ________. This clears the fecal material from around the eggs. The ____ are then counted and the number is calculated per gram of feces.
- -STH or intestinal schistosomes
- -mesh screen
- -glycerol
- -eggs
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Kato-Katz Technique Materials
- Glass slides
- Glass cover slips
- Applicator sticks and ice cream sticks
- Paper
- Cardboard with hole
- Cellophane in Malachite Green and Glycerin
- Mesh Screen
- Stool Sample
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Advantages of Kato-Katz Technique
- 1. Simplicity; easy to perform
- 2. Cost-effective; inexpensive
- 3. Quantitative data; provides data on the number of eggs present in stool which can be used to assess severity of infection
- 4. Specificity; technique is for STH
- 5. Population-level monitoring; used for population-level monitoring of helminth infections
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Disadvantages of Kato-Katz Technique
- 1. Sensitivity; has low sensitivity for light infections
- 2. Sampling errors; e.g. incomplete collection of stool sample or uneven distribution of eggs in sample
- 3. Operator-dependent; requires trained personnel to perform and interpret tests accurately
- 4. Limited to STH
- 5. Time-consuming; particularly when large number of samples need to be processed
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