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Arousal and Fatigue - Yerkes-Dodson Law
predicts that the relationship between level of arousal and performance is described by an inverted-U shape, with moderate levels of arousal being associated with the best performance.
Optimal level of arousal is affected by task difficulty: for east tasks, the optimal level is somewhat higher, but for difficult tasks, the optimal level is somewhat lower.
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Stress - Demand-Control (Job Strain) Model, (Karasek, 1979)
Identifies job demands and job control as the primary contributors to job stress.
Job demands - the requirement of the job in terms of workload, time pressure, and responsibility
Job control - aka decision latitude, a worker's autonomy and discretion for using different skills.
combination of high job demand and low job control produces the most stress, which, in turn, is associated not only with job dissatisfaction but also with emotional exhaustion, depression, and other health problems.
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Job Burnout
Caused by accumulated stress associated with overwork. Its primary symptoms are feeling of lower personal accomplishment, depersonalization (the tendency to treat fellow employees or customers as objects), and emotional exhaustion.
Early sign is a sudden increase in work effort and hours without a corresponding increase in productivity.
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Work-Family Conflict
occurs when the role demands of career and family are incompatible because work interferes with the family (e.g., long hours prevent time with family members) and/or family activities and responsibilities interfere with work (e.g., illness of a child causes absenteeism).
Associated with a number of negative consequences including reduced job, marital, and life satisfaction, job burnout, job turnover, decreased productivity, and mental and physical health problems.
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The Yerkes-Dodson Law predicts that the highest level of performance are associated with _______ levels of arousal.
moderate
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To reduce the negative impact of fatigue, rest breaks should be provided during the __________ hours of work.
4th and 8th
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According to Karasek (1979), Jobs that entail a combination of high ______ and low ________ produce the highest levels of job stress, and these include _______ jobs and service jobs.
Job demand
job control
machine-paced
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According to Holmes and Rahe, although work-related factors can lead to stress-related illnesses, factors related to ________ seem to place the individual at greatest risk. Other researchers argue that ________ are important sources of stress and can actually have a stronger negative impact on health than traumatic events.
marriage
daily hassles
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As defined by Maslach et al. (2001), the primary symptoms of job burnout are a feeling of low personal accomplishment, depersonalization, and _________. Burn out is often preceded by a sudden ________ in work effort with no change in productivity
emotional exhaustion
increase
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Work-family conflict occurs when the ________ of career and family are incompatible
role demands
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Work design - Person-Machine Fit
From a human factors perspective, performance is the result of an interaction between people and machines, and any failure in performance is due to a person-machine mismatch.
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Work design - Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
requires employees with more than 15 employees to avoid discriminating against people who have a disability, which it defines as "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one ore more major life activities
gender identity, sexual disorders, gambling, kleptomania, pyromania, and substance use disorders do not count.
employers required to make reasonable accommodations
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Work Schedules - Compressed Workweek
Decreased the number of days worked in a given work cycle by increasing the hours worked per day (e.g., 4/10 schedule :D)
has positive effects on supervisor ratings of employee performance, employee overall job satisfaction, and employee satisfaction with the work schedule, with the effects being strongest for employee attitudes.
Does not have a strong impact on objective measures of job performance or on absenteeism
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Work Schedules - Flextime
Give employees a choice of when to begin and end work while providing a core time (e.g., 1000 - 1400) when all employees must be present.
has positive effects on employee productivity, overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with the work schedule, and absenteeism but does not have a strong impact of self-rated performance.
Also associated with decreased work-family conflict
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Work Schedules - Shiftwork
day, swing, and graveyard shifts for companies open 24 hours.
swing shift has the most negative impact on family roles and social activities
Graveyard shift is associated with the most social, health, and work-related problems. Freedom of choice for employee helps offset these problems
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Human factors psychology is characterized by a systems approach that views performance failures as the result of a _________ mismatch.
person-machine
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The ADA requires employers to make _______ for individuals with disabilities who can perform the essential functions of the job as long as doing so does not result in ________ for the employer. With regard to selection, the ADA prohibits requiring a ________ prior to making an employment offer.
reasonable accommodations
undue hardship
medical exam
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The results of the Baltes et al. (1999) meta-analysis found that the compress workweek has the strongest positive effects on ______ and that flextime has positive effects on employee productivity, overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with the work schedule, and __________.
employee attitudes
absenteeism
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In terms of shiftwork, the _______ is associated with the greatest number of problems; and, of the fixed shifts, the ________ is most associated with lower performance and higher accident rates. There is evidence that the adverse effects of the graveyard shift are reduced when employees _______ that shift.
rotating shift
graveyard
choose
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In their meta-analysis of the research, Baltes et al. (1999) found that the compressed workweek is most associated with which of the following?
A.Improved employee attitudes
B.Improved job performance
C.Increased tardiness
D.Increased organizational commitment
A
The compressed workweek decreases the number of days worked in a given week by increasing the number of hours worked per day. Baltes et al. (1999) found that the compressed workweek has the greatest impact on employee attitudes and is associated with improved overall job satisfaction and satisfaction with the work schedule.
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Which of the following individuals is at highest risk for a stress-related illness?
A.The company vice president
B.A file clerk who does the filing for several departments
C.An assembly-line worker whose work is machine-paced
D.An administrative assistant who has two bosses
C
Research has found that some jobs are consistently associated with higher levels of stress than other jobs. The research has found that a lack of control over the pace of one's work is one of the greatest contributors to job-related stress.
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A psychologist conducting research on the effects of the graveyard shift is most likely to find that adverse consequences are lowest among workers who:
A.are unmarried and living alone.
B.are unhappily married.
C.work the graveyard shift for only two out of every three weeks.
D.voluntarily choose to work the graveyard shift.
D
Companies that operate 24 hours a day ordinarily divide the day into three shifts—regular, swing, and graveyard. The research has found that the negative outcomes associated with the graveyard shift are usually alleviated when the worker has voluntarily chosen that shift. The freedom to choose is important: employees who choose to work the night shift report fewer physical and psychological problems than those who are assigned to that shift.
Answer A: The graveyard shift is associated with social, health, and work-related problems. Marital status, on its own, has not been found to reduce adverse consequences of the graveyard shift.
Answer B: Although workers who are unhappily married may experience work-family conflict, this is not likely to alleviate effects of working the graveyard shift.
Answer C: This answer choice does not indicate whether the workers have chosen that schedule. Given that the freedom to choose alleviates the effects of working the graveyard shift, answer D remains the best choice.
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Research by Duxbury and Higgins (1991) on work-family conflict found that:
A.men and women experience more conflicts due to work (versus family) obligations.
B.men and women experience more conflicts due to family (versus work) expectations.
C.men experience more conflicts due to work expectations, while women experience more conflicts due to family expectations.
D.men experience more conflicts due to family expectations, while women experience more conflicts due to work expectations.
C
Work-family conflict occurs when career and family roles are incompatible. Duxbury and Higgins (1991) found that work-family conflict is more stressful for women and that women experience more conflicts as the result of family expectations while men experience more conflicts as the result of work expectations.
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Feelings of low personal accomplishment, cynicism, and emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion are symptoms of:
A.work-family conflict
.B.low organizational commitment.
C.job burnout.
D.overtraining.
C
Job burnout is caused by accumulated stress associated with overwork. Although its symptoms vary from person to person, most people experience the combination of symptoms listed in this question.
Answer A: Work-family conflict occurs when the role demands of career and family are incompatible. Work-family conflict is associated with job burnout, but the best answer to the question links the symptoms provided to job burnout.
Answer B: Low organizational commitment refers to an employee's low psychological attachment to an organization.
Answer D: Overtraining is a term used in sport psychology and refers to physical and psychological stress resulting from excessive athletic training.
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