Exam 2

The reform movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centureis that attempted to impose order on a society rapidly changing amidst industrialization, immigration and urbanization.

Among the first people to articulate the new spirit of national reform were crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political injustices. They were committed to exposing scandal, corruption, and injustice.

an attempt to remove the selection of candidates from the bosses and give it to the people.

Allowed reformers to bypass sstate legislatures by submitting new legislation directly to the voters in general elections.

Gave voters the right to remove a public official from office with a special election, which could be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition.

Provided a method by which actions of legislature could be put to the electorate for approval.

Transferred the right to elect U.S. senators from the state legislatures to ordinary voters.

Guaranteed voting rights to women throughout the naiton.

charged in 1905 with permitting a supervisor to require Mrs E. Gotcher to work more than 10 hours and was fined $10.

Rough rider during the spanish-american war, governor of New york, Republican party and progressive leader, vice president and presidnet of the united states from 1901-1909. Idol to a generation of progressive reformers. Conservative. Promoted broad conception of his offices power. Boosted presidency to the center of of national political life. Youngest man to assume presidency. Champion of cautious moderate change. Urged Regulation of the trust.

A bitter strike by the United Mine Workers that endangered coal supplies for the coming winters, in which roosevelt Intervened and ask both operators and minors to accept impartial federal arbitration, so mine owners balked roosevelt threat into send federal troops to seize the mines what is the striker's a 10% wage increase And the 9 hour day no recognition of their union

government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the united states antitrust laws.)

Justice department invoked sherman antitrust act against a great new railroad monopoloy in the northwest. Roosevelt filed more than forty additional antitrust suits during the remaineder of his presidency but he made no serious commitment

a case heard by the u.s. supreme court in 1903. the court ruled 5-4 against the stockholders of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroad companies, which had essentially formed a monopoly and to dissolve the Northern Securities company

prohibits railroad companies from giving rebates to businesses that ship large quantities of goods and giving power to those businesses to artificially lower shipping prices.

sought to restore some regulatory authrity to the government by giving the icc power to oversee railroad rates.

restricted the sale of dangerous or ineffective medicines.

despite flurry of reforms, government still had relatively little control over the industrial economy. conservatives blamed roosevelt's "mad" economic policies. Roosevelt reassured business leaders that he would not interfere with their recovery efforts.

Financier J.P. Morgan helped construct a pool of assestws of several important new york banks to prop up shaky financial institutions. the purchase by u.s. steel of the tennessee coal and iron company. Morgan needed assurances that the purchase would not prompt antitrust action. the panic soon subsided.

1909, destroyed tafts popularity with reformers. taft replaced roosevelts secretary of the interior James R Garfield with BAllinger. who attemtped to invalidate roosevelts removal of nearly 1 million acres of forests and mineral reserves from private development.  Ballinger was charged with once having connived to turn over valuable public coal lands in alaska to a private syndicate for personal profit.pinchot took the charges to the presdient, 

pinchot leaked the story to the -ress and asked congress to investigate the scandal. and was discharged for insubordination. progressives throughout the country supported pinchot

Wilsons first success, the lowering of protective tariff. Underwood-simmons tariff provided cuts significant enough to introduce real competition into american markets and help break the power of trusts. to make up for the loss of revenuew uner the new tariff, congress approved a graduated income tax,

a united states federal law that strengthened the authority of the interstate commerce commission over railroad rates

Democrativ convention, Progressive opposition made conservative speaker of the house unable to assemble two-thirds majority necessary for nomination. Woodrow wilson, only genuinely progressive candidate emerged as the partys nominee., reputation for winning passage of progressive legislation. progressive program came to be called the new freedom.

• Taft barely campaigned, resigned to defeat.
• roosevelt hit by gunshot from would-be assassin, failed to draw a significant number of democratic progressives away from wilson.

Roosevelt and taft split republican vote, wilson held on to most democrats and won. 42 percent of popular vote.

Presidential candidate Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 program supporting economic concentration and using government to regulate and control it.

set of principles oulined, making clear the moving away from cautious conservatism. The real signal of roosevelts decision to assume leadership of republican reformers in a speech given on september 1910. arguing social justice was possible only through a stron federal government whose executive acted as the '"steward of public welfare". 

supporting graduated income and inheritance taxes, workers compensation for industrial accidents, regulation of the labor of women and children, tariff revision, and firmer regulation of corporations.

presidential candidate woodrow wilson's 1912 program that supported a progressive agenda, claiming that corporate combinations threatened economic freedom.

Native Virginian, president of Princeton University, governor of New Jersey, Democratic Party and progressive leader, and president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

to make up for the loss of revenue under the new tariff, congress approved a graduated income tax, (sixteenth amendment)

reform of the American banking system, created twelve regional banks, each to be owned and controlled by the individual banks of its district. regional federal reserve banks would hold a certain percentage of the assests of their member banks in reserve, using those reserves to support loans to private banks at a discounted interest rate set by the Federal Reserve system: they would issue, standardized paper bils called federal reserve notes that owuld become the nations basic medum of trade and would be backed by the government. most important able to shift funds quickly to troubled areas to meet increased demands for credit or to protect imperiled banks, supervising and regulating the entire system was a national feederal reserve board, whose members were appointed by the president.

One of two measures to deal with the problem of monopoly. lost interest in the bill, which proposed stronger measures to break up trusts, wilson did little to protect it from conservative assaults, which greatly weakened it.

one of Wilsons two measures to deal with the problem of monopoly. created a regulatory agency that would help businesses determine in advance wether their actions would be acceptable by the government. the agency would also have authority to launch prosecutions against "unfair trade practices" and it would have wide power to investigae corporate behavior

a United states federal law passed in 1916 that establisheed an eight-hour workday, with additional pay for overtime work, for interstate railroad workers

Woodrow wilson had good reason to be concerned about his reelection prospects in1916. he had won only about 42 percent of the vote in1912 and the republican party which had been divided four years earlier was now reunited around the populare charles evan hughes. in the end wilson won  a narrow victory over hughes with just under 50 percent of the vote and a similarly narrow margin in the electoral college note the striking regional character of his victory

Known to its opponents as the "Wobblies," the radical labor organization led by "Big Bill" Haywood; advocated a single union for all workers.

one of the few labor organizations to to champion the cause of unskilled workers. many believed the wobbllies had been responsible for dynamiting railroad lines and power stations and committing other acts of terror in the first years of the twentieth century

all socialist agreed for greater state control over working of the economy, endorsing radical goals european marxists (complete end to capitalism and private property), more moderate refor m allowing small scale private enterprise to survive but nationalize major industries., working reforms through electoral politics, others favoring militant direct action.

• Americans sympathized with Britains.
• Economic realities made it impossible to deal with belligerents on equal terms.
• U.S. tacitly accepted the blockade of germany and continued trading with britain.
• by 1915 arsenal of the allies
• Sinking of the Lusitania 
• Germany declaring unrestricted submarine warfare against all maritime traffice.
• Zimmerman Telegram
• Three United States ships torpedoes by U-boats.

the 1917 agency created to coordinate government purchases of military supplies

under the control of wall street financier Bernard Baruch.

passed in 1918 expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public espression of opposition to the war. allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or the government.

frequent targets of the new legislation were anticapitalists groups such as the socialist party and the industrial workers of the world.

President wooodrow wilson's list of principles for which he believed the nation should be fighting during the First World War

• three Headings
• 8 specific recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries and establishing new nations to replace the defunct Autro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.
• 5 general principles would govern international conduct in the future: freedom of the seas, open covenants instead of secret treaties, reductions in armaments, free trade, and impartial mediation of colonial claims
• 1 proposal ofr a league of nations that would help implement these new principles and territorial adjustments and resolve futrure controversies

Facing Invasion Germans sought an armistice. Early on the morning of November 11, 1918. Representatives of the warring parties signed an armistice ina a railway car in the French Forest.

December 13,1918, Wilson greeted by largest crowd in history of france.

principal figures negotiating victory of allied nations: President wilson; David lloyd george. prime minister of Great Britain; Georges Clemenceau, prime minsister of France and vittorio orlando prime minister of italy.

Wilson unable to approve broad principles preventing allies imposing punitive reparations on Germany.

Victories: boundaries and dealing with former colonies. creation of permanent international organization to oversee world affairs and prevent future wars.  alli

January 25, 1919 allies voted to accept the "covenant" of the League of Nations.

Henry Cabot Lodge chair of the foreign relations comitteee loathed the presidnet and obstructed the treaty

The organization President Woodrow Wilson hoped would implement the principle of the Fourteen Points after the First World War: it ultimately came into being without the United States as a member.

The two anarchists accused of murder who were eventually executed in the 1927 amid widespread nativist prejudices and fears.

Victims o the red Sace, charged with murder of paymaster in south braintree Massachusetts .both were confessed anarchists, Public presumption of guilt. proclaiming their innosence died in the electric chair August 23,1927

One of many secret societies that used terrorism and physical violence to intimidate those freed from slavery and undercut their constitutional rights, especially the right to vote.

revitalized with the help of nativism, largely concerned with intimidating blacks., after world war one blacks gradually became secondary to concern about catholics jews and foreigners. expanded tto the indutrial cities in the north and midwest. by 1924 4 million members. largest state Klan in Indiana. Scandals involving leaders precipitated a slow but steady decline in the klands influence.

operated as a brutl even violent oppponent of "alien"groups, engaged in public whipping, tarring and feathering, arson and lynching. feared anyone who posed a challenged to traditional values and white power.

Law that banned immigration from East Asia entirely and reduced the quota for European immigrants; the result was an immigration system that greatly favored northwestern Europeans.

Unsatisfied with emergency immigration act. which cut immigration from 800,000 to 300,000 in any single year. annual immigration from anny country could not exceed 3 percen

The Location of rich naval oil reserves in Wyoming and part of a national scandal during the Harding administration

Harding unable to abandon party hacks who helped give him power, Harry Daughterty  and Albert B. Falls and other members of the so-called Ohio Gang were engaged in fraud and corruption. 

At the urging of Fall, Harding transferred control of those reserves from the Navy Department to the interior department. fall then secretly leased them to two wealthy businessmen and received in return nearly half a million dollars in "loans" to ease his private financial troubles.

Complete ban on the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages; 1920 amendment put it into effect on a national level.

progressives regarded the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society.Scarce wages vanished as male workers spent hours in saloons.Drunkeness spawned violence and occasionally murder within urban families. Working class wives hoped to reform male behavior and thus improve womens lives. Emplyers regarded alcohol as impediment to industrial efficiency. Womens Christian Temperance union. anti saloon league began to press for the abolition of saloons.

The united states entry into world war 1 made the use oof grain for alcohol seem wasteful  

ratification by every state except conneticut and rhode island. with large populations of catholic immigrants opposed to prohibition. became law and took effect January 1920.

bill whic requuired the government to support prices at parity for grain cotton, tobacco, and rice.

Parity a complicated formula for setting a n adequate price for farm goods and ensuring that farmers would earn back at least their produciton costs no matter the fluctuations of national or world agricultural markets.

it was introduced repatedly 1926 and 1928 congress approved byt Coolidge vetoed it both times.

Between may 1928 and september 1929 the average price of stocks rose over 40 percent. 

in the autumn of 1929 th emarket began to fall apart. October 29 "Black tuesday"Sixteen million shares of stock were traded. wiping out all the gains of the previous year/ stocks in many companies became virtually worthless. they continued to decline for several years after that.

Popular folklore established the stock market crash as the beginning and even the cause of the great depression, but the depressinon hhad earlier beginnings and other causes.

the major economic downturn of the 1930s that ended wiht american entrance into world war ii.

• Causes:
• 1 lack of deversification in the American Economy, prosperity depended excessively on a few basic industries, construction and automobiles wich began to decline in 1920
• 2 maldistribution of purchasing power. Proportion of the profits gointg to potential consumers was too small to create an adequate market for the goods the economy was producing.
• 3 credit structure of the economy. farmers deep in debt. bank customers defaulted on loans, nations biggest banks investing recklessly in stock market or making unwise loans.
• 4 United states position in international trade, european demand for american goods began to decline. because european endustry and agriculture were becoming more productive
• 5 Debt structure; European nations allied with u.s owed large sums of money to american banks to large to be repaid.American banks began making large loans to eurpoean goverments 
• 6 American protective tariffs were makin difficult for europeans ot sell their goods in american markets . Hawley Smoot Tariff

The collapse of the international credit structure is the reason the depression spread to eurpe after 1931

The bill established a government agency to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and other businesses.

lending funds only to financial institutions with sufficient collateral, 

Helped finance only those public works projects that promised ulitimately to pay for themselves- toll bridges, public housing, and others

The broad array of reform intiatives launched during the administration Franklin Roosevelt in the 1930s that dramatically increased the impact of the federal government on economic life and the personal welfare of citizens.

• Emergency Banking act
• Economy Act
• Glass Steagall Act Established FDiC
• Truth in Securites act of 1933
• Twenty first Amendment
• Agricultural adjustment act.

designed primarily to protect the larger banks from being dragged down by the weakness of asmaler ones., provided treasury department inspection a=of all banks before they would be allowed to reopen., assistance to troubled institutions and a thorough reorganization of those banks in hthe greates difficulty., helped dispel panic. 3/4 of ;banks in Federal Reserve system reopend within the next three days and 1 ibillion in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month the immediate banking crisis was over.

Agency that created camps in national parks and foreest for young eunemployed men from the cities to work in a semi military environment; projects included planting tress, building reservoirs, and improving agricultural irrigation.

Roosevelts favorite releif project.

Act that created a federal agency empoweree d to achieve parity by controlling the production of seven basic commodities.

wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products.

imposing production limits on their rops in order to keep up the prices they could charge for those crops. aaa would tell farmers how much they should produced wand would pay them subsidies for leaving some of their land idle.

favored larger farmers ofer smaller ones. evicting tenatns and sharecroppers and firing field hands.

• struck down provisions of the AAA arguing government had no constitutional authority to require farmers to limit production.
• Soil conservation and domestic allotment act permittin government to pay farmers to reduce prodution to conserve soil preevent erosion and accomplish other secondary goals.

succeeded  by the farm sesucrity administrations.

A regoinal planning program focused on water resourecs as a source of cheap electric power.

Completion of a great dam at muscle shoals on the tennesssee river in alabama. 

dam begun before WWIbut left unfinished

opposition from utilities companies blocked prgress on the dam.

Exposes of corruption Samuel Insull so intense companie no longer abloe to block the public power movement. Resulted in legislation creating T. V. A.

a federal government agency established in 1934 to police the stock market.

after the truth in Securities act of 1933 requiring corporation issuing new securities to provide full and accurate information about them to the public.

Promised workers the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining and encouraged many workers to join unions for the first time.

contained no enforcement mechanism.

struck down in 1935

Established to administer the National industriial Recovery Act's Spending programs, only greadually allowed the 3.3. billioin in public works fund to trickle out.

• populary known as the wagner act. provided workers with a crucial enforcement machanism missing from the 1933 law.
• The National Labor relations board. could compel employers to recognize and bargain with legitimate unions.

Roosevelt signed because realized his political future would depend in part on repsonding to their demands.

established a system of work relief for the unemployed , but it was much biegger than the earlier agencies.

made to help immediate needs of unemployed Americans  next to long range goals of social security.

responsible for building or renovating 110,000 public buiildings and for constructing alomst 600 airports, 500000 miles of roads and over 100000 bridges.

• average of 2.1 million workers emplyed.
• Federal writers project 
• Federal Art project
• federal music project.
• federal theater project.

Passed in 1935; established several distinct programs including a pension program for workers (though many were excluded); also established a system of unemployment insurance and aid to people with disabiliteis as well to dependent children.

federally sponsore social insurance for elderly people and those who wre unemployed. to keep 

crucial first step in building the nation's most important social program for retired americans.

• Unjustifiable concentration of economic power
• asking for creation of a commission t  consider major reforms in the antitrust laws. 
• congress established the Temporary nationa Economoic committee
• members included representatives of both houses of congress and officials from several executive agencies.

in 1938 administration successfully supported on of its most ambitious pieces of labor legislation 

establishing a national minimum wage andd a forty-hour workeek and which also pladced strict limits onchild labor.

all this came after having cut down spending. and boom collapse

• Demands of African Americans
• The african american leader who encouraged black people to reject assimilation into white society and develop pride in their own race and culture; he founded the univerasal negro improvement association

• launched a chain of black owned grocery stores and pressed for the creation of other black businesses.
• began uring his supporters to leave the united states and return to africa. to create new society of their own. movement experience explosive growht but gravey was indicted in 1923 on charges of business fraud and deported to jamaica two years later
• black nationalisism preceeded garveys departure

• indian citizenship act of 1924
• Homer p. snyder proposed the act. e\

enacted partiallly in recognitioin of the thousands of native amerians who seved in the armed forces during the first world war.

John Collier Head of office of indian affairs, advanced the idea of cultural relativism. every culture should be acepted and repspetected on its own terms.

reversing the pressures of native americans to assimilate 

• restored to native american groups the right tow own land collectively and elect governments.
• land under native american control increased by 4 million , agricultural income increased from under 2 million t over 49 million .

despite it all native american possed land whites did not want and remained pooorest segment of the poppulation.

President theodore Roosevelt's amendment ot the monroe Doctrine, staing that the united states had the right to not only to oppose european intervention in the western hemisphere but also to intervene in the domestic affairs of its neighbors should they be unable to maintain order and sovereignty.

This was later repudiated by Herbert hoover durign the wolrd crisis.

the canal finished in 1914 thqat linked the atlantic and the pacific by creating a channel through central america.

phillippe bunau varilla chief engineer of the french canal project

foreign policies, especially those of the taft administration in latin america, that privileged american economic intersts.

• philander c. knox worked aggressively to extend american investments into less-developed regions
• particularly visible in the caribbean, revolution in nicaragua in 1909, administration sided with the insurgent and sent american troops into the country to seize the customs houses. knox encouraged american banker to offer substantial loans to the new government. thus increasing washingtons financial leverage over the country.

when pro american government face insurrection taft again landeed american troops in nicaragua. to preotect existing regime. ramaining there for more than a decade.

• Porfirio Dias permitted american businessmen to establish econmic presence in mexico
• diaz overthrown by leader francisco madero seemed hostile to american busnesses in mexico
• u.s. quietly encourages victoriano huerta to depose madero . 
• governemtn i=under huerta murders madero
• hopes to bring to power the constitutionalists led by venustiano carranza
• Huerta establishes full military dictatorship
• refusing 21 gun salute silson seizes mexiacna prot of vera cruz

• americans kill 126 and suffer 19 casualties.
• helps strengther position of crranza faction. which captures mexico in august 1914 huerta flees the country
• carranza refuses to accept american guidelines.
• thros suppor to pancho villa whose military poostion deteriorate.
• villa murders sixteen american miniing engineers nin norther nmexico. nad seventeen more american across the border incolumbus. new mexico
• John j pershing leads american expeditionary force accross mexican border to capture villa.
• ccarranza army attacks pershing units ikiling twentytwo maerican. 
• american troops withcdraw in march 1917
• granting formal recognition of carranza regime.