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Homo heidelbergensis
Dates
Where found
Ancestors of both ___ and ____
Dates: 850,000 to 200,000 ya
Where found: Africa, Europe, and perhaps Asia
Ancestors of both modern humans and Neandertals
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Homo heidelbergensis is _____ chronologically and in anatomy between H. ____ and modern H. ____
intermediate,
H. erectus and modern H. sapiens
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Homo heidelbergesis cranial capacity
1,167 cm3
Larger than Homo erectus (900 cm3) but smaller than modern humans (1,350 cm3)
Perhaps related to communication because there was no change in tools; used Acheulian tools
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Homo heidelbergensis had ____ molars and ___ incisors than H. erectus
- smaller molars
- larger incisors
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Interpretations of H. heidelbergensis teeth
Larger incisors because of continued use of the mouth as an auxiliary tool (clamp or vise)
Smaller molars because of continued cooking of foods
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Homo heidelbergensis had ____ robust bones than H. erectus
Interpretation:
less
Perhaps more efficient than H. erectus in resource procurement because no change in tools
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Neandertals:
Dates-
Where found-
Dates: 130,000 to 32,000 ya
Where found: Europe and western Asia
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Neandertals cranial capacity
Neandertals: 1,520 cm3
- Compared to...
- H. Heidelbergensis: 1,167 cm3
- H. sapiens: 1,350 cm3
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What is the significance of enlarged cranial capacity in Neandertals
Associated with new stone tool industry - Mousterian tools
- Flake stone tools, using prepared core technique
- Composite tool - stone flake hafted (i.e., affixed) to wooden implement
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Neandertals skull morphologies
Long, low skull with occipital "bun," which is a projection of skull
Different skull shape from that of modern humans may be due to differences in rate of growth of brain and skull
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Neandertals teeth morphologies
Decrease in size of molar teeth, when compared with H. heidelbergensis (Selection for smaller molars due to cooking foods)
Increase in size of incisor teeth, when compared with H. heidelbergensis
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Other morphologies of Neandertals
Supraorbital:
Chin:
Face:
- Prominent supraorbital torus
- No chin (more accurately states, inwardly sloping chin)
- Prognathic face (face "juts" forwardly)
These morphologies may be associated with using the mouth as an auxiliary tool (clamp of vise)
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Neandertals morphologies:
Nose
Facial sinuses
Thorax
Body mass
Arms and legs
- Large nose
- Large facial sinuses
- Large thorax
- High body mass
- Short arms and legs
Morphologies are adaptations to living in low temperature environment. Neandertals lived in Europe and Asia during a glacial period
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Neandertals were heavily _____ individuals with ____ bones. They were ______ _____ and successful hunters-and-gatherers.
- muscled,
- thick,
- physically active
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Did Neandertals assist disabled individuals?
We think yes
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Did neandertals deliberately bury their deceased?
Yes
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Were Neandertals the first hominins to have disposed of their dead in a purposeful manner?
They may not have been the first hominins to have disposed of their dead, however, they do provide earliest evidence of below ground, earthen burial
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Neandertals lived in what types of contexts?
Caves, rock overhands, open air sites
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