THE BRAIN

1: Focused on whether the heart or brain controlled behaviour 

2: Focuses on whether that mind or body are separate or the same. The human body and the mind are two separate and distinct entities

3: It involved feeling the bumps and depressions on a person’s skull and using this information to assess their personality traits, talents and intelligence

1: The method of removal part of the brain. Used to determine the relationship between brain areas and behaviour

2: Involves inserting a tool into the brain through the eye sockets to sever the nerves. Often performed without patient’s consent

3: Involves cutting an area of the corpus callosum. This interrupts communication between their two brain hemispheres

1: Referred to as the 'stem brain' - located at the base of the brain near the back of the skull. Made up of pons, medulla & cerebullem. 

Pons: helps transfer neural messages between various parts of the brain and spinal cord - involved in arousal, sleep, daydreaming, waking, breathing and coordination 

Medulla: relays information between the spinal cord and the brain; regulates vital involuntery body functions - swallowing, digestion, breathing, heart rate, sneezing, coughing, gagging by communicating with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) 

Cerebellum: 'little brain' - helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance by relaying motor information to and from the cerebal cortex 

Functions includes emotions, motivations sensations, perceptions, learning, memory + reasioning.

1: Regulates the hormones by connecting the nervous system to the endocrine system - by the release of hormones, influences behvaiours associated with basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst + temperature - Controls the brain's internal 'body clock' which helps us coordinate our sleep-wake cycle

2: Analyses sensory information and relays its sensory areas in the cerebral cortex. Conducts motor signals and relays information from the brain stem to the cortex - allows us to automatically focus attention on those stimuli or inputs that are more important, while filtering out unnecessary information - Coordinates shifts in consciousness such as waking up and falling asleep

3: The cerebrum’s outer layer is the cerebral cortex, the brain area responsible for higher cognitive functions, voluntary movement, emotions and personality : divided into 2 parts; left and right hemisphere

1: A small area of the brain that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. - Play's a role in processing information related to hearing, vision, movement, pain, sleep and arousal. It systems help us keep alert, awake, attentive.

2: Stimulates the brain by relaying sensory information which keeps the cerebral cortex active and alive - filters sensory information sorts it into 2 catergories: important and unimportant

• Controls the functions of the right side of the body.
• Controls language function
• Controls analytical function
• Involved in a person having superior ability at mathematics, judging time and rhythm

• Controls the functions of the left side of the body.
• Controls holistic information processing, and identifying overall patterns and general connections.
• Dominant in detecting and expressing emotion non-verbally

- Responsible for motor function, cognitive skills and aspects of personality and emotional responses. 

- Responsible for voluntary movement

1: responsible for functions such as planning, organisation, emotional regulation 

2: controls production of clear and fluent speech and is involved in formulating the structure of sentences 

3: controls voluntary movement, cortex controls each body part that - why it is important and how often it is used

Parietal Lobe: processes bodily such as touch, recieves and integrates information from other brain structures which allows us to determine where objects are located in space

1: it registers and processes sensations detected by the body's sensory receptors

Involved with hearing, language skills, memory and social understanding including perception of other people's eyes and faces 

1: registers and processes auditory (sound-based) information recieved by both ears and integrates it with information from other senses 

2: responsible for language comprehension but was also involved in speech production

Register and processes visual information 

1: registers and processes visual information transmitted from the retinas of both eyes via the optic nerve

The nervous system’s ability to change its structure and function as a result of experience and in response to injury. 

Neurons communicate with each other, using electrical impulses and chemicals to transmit information

rapid development and changes in structure and function of the brain that occurs during infancy and adolescence, diminishing with age

1. Neurons divide and multiply starting from third week of gestation and during adulthood. - Followed by neural migration

2. where neurons travel to their final location within the nervous system

3. occurs where dendrites grow and extend to axons of other neurons, which results in the formation of pathways between neurons

4. the process of developing connections between neurons - allows different brain areas and structures to communicate

5. the process in which extra, weak or unused synaptic connections are removed - Happens the most during infancy, childhood and early adolescence

6. the formation of the myelin sheath around a neuron

allows the brain to also ‘rewire’ (or reorganise) itself after sometypes of damage to compensate for a lost function or to maximise existing functions

New axon and dendrite extensions allow existing neurons to form new connections

New connections are made between active neurons to create alternative neural pathways

Refers to brain damage that occurs after birth - can occur suddenly or develop over time. May result in partial or total cognitive, physical, emotional or motor impairment 

1. A type of acquired brain injury that occur suddenly as a result of injury caused by an external force. Such as a traumatic blow to the head that damages brain tissue or structures

• 2. brain injury that occurs slowly over time as a result of internal factors - CAUSES INCLUDE: 
• - lack of oxygen to the brain (hypoxia) 
• - exposure to toxins (alcohol or drugs) 
• - Stroke 
• - Infectious diseases that inflames the brain

1. a tendency to ignore stimuli in the left or right side of visual space after a brain damaging event, such as a stroke - occurs in the parietal lobe in the brain's right hemisphere 

2. Controls production of clear and fluent speech and is involved in formulating the structure of sentences

3. Primarily responsible for language comprehension but was also involved in speech production

Fatal brain disease associated with repeated blows to the head over a long period.Characterised by cognitive, motor and affective (emotional) dysfunction.

Electroencephalogram (EEG): measures the electrical activity of the brain. Used to detect abnormal electrical activity in the brain such as during seizures

Computerised tomography (CT) scans: x-rays of the brain that produce an image of brain structure.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans: uses magnetic fields to produce a detailed image of brain structure

Functional MRI (fMRI) scans: provide active images of the brain’s metabolic functioning, such as blood flow

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans: require the patient to take in (drink or inject) a radioactive dye prior to scan. Used to show the metabolic functioning of tissues and organs

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI): used to investigate the structure of white matter can detect microstructural damage, such as damage to axons

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS): can be used to identify changes in brain metabolism when neurodegeneration is suspected

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) scanner: maps brain activity and can be used to precisely identify the location that is active during an epileptic seizure