EPPP - Social Psychology - Domain Quiz

A

"Ethnocentric monoculturalism" is a worldview sometimes exhibited by those who hold privilege, including the characteristics described in the question.

B

Regarding age and generational influence, people between the ages of 30 and 60 were identified as holding privilege.

A

The purpose of inoculation is to reduce a listener's susceptibility to a persuasive message. It involves three steps: warning the listener of the impending persuasive message, making a weak attack against the listener's position, and having the listener actively defend his/her position.

A

Studies on bystander intervention have found that a person in need is most likely to receive help when there is only one bystander. A bystander is more likely to intervene when alone than when in the presence of others, be they, strangers or friends.

Answer B: A bystander is more likely to intervene when alone than when in the presence of others. 

Answer C: A bystander is more likely to intervene when alone than when in the presence of others. Answer D: The greater the number of bystanders, the greater the bystander apathy (i.e., the less likely a person in need of help will receive assistance).

C

Given that catharsis involves the release, or venting, of emotion, earlier research suggested that watching someone else act aggressively could serve as catharsis for one's own aggression. This theory, however, has not held up well in more recent studies.

Answer A: McGuire (1969), borrowed the notion of inoculation from the medical model and proposed that we’re better able to resist a persuasive communication when we’ve been “inoculated” against it.

Answer B: Vicarious reinforcement involves learning through observing the consequences of actions in other people. 

Answer D: Desensitization helps to reduce emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive or positive stimulus after repeated exposure to it.

D

The autokinetic effect is a perceptual phenomenon in which a stationary point of light appears to move in a darkened room. Sherif's (1935) study is a classic in social psychology. Sherif found that, in certain circumstances, research participants conformed to the judgments of confederates regarding how far the light had moved, even though the light was stationary.

D

Psychological reactance occurs when we do the opposite of what is requested or desired by another person because we feel our freedom-of-choice is being restricted. (Note that this question is asking about the boy's behavior, not the therapist's.)

Answer A: The therapist is using paradox, but this question is asking about the boy's behavior. In family therapy, paradox is sometimes used to elicit resistance (psychological reactance) in order to promote change.

Answer B: Double-bind communication presents a "mixed message" (e.g., contradictory verbal and nonverbal messages) and is not relevant to the situation described in this question.

Answer C: Source derogation refers to defending oneself against persuasion by criticizing the source of the message.

C

French and Raven (1959) distinguished between six types of social power—coercive, reward, expert, referent, informational, and legitimate. (Additional information about them is provided in the Social Psychology chapter of the written study materials.) When using legitimate power, the individual emphasizes his/her position of power or authority and the other person's obligation to comply. In this situation, the father is relying on his position as "boss" to control his son's behavior.

Answer A: When using expert power, an individual emphasizes his/her superior knowledge or expertise. The father would be using expert power if he had said, "You'll do what I say because I know what's best for you."

Answer B: Referent power refers to the ability of an individual or group to control the behavior of others because of their desire to identify with that individual or group. The father would be relying on referent power if he said "You should do what I say because you're part of this family."

Answer D: Coercive power is being used when an individual influences the behavior of others through the control of punishments. The father would be using coercive power if he said, "If you don't do what I say, you'll have to stay in your room all weekend."

D

Social norms are defined as the acceptable ways of behaving within a social group. Looking down or away from a person during conversation is not thought of as the norm.

B

Symbolic racism (Sears, 1988) represents a combination of the anti-black affect and conservative values. In contrast to "old-fashioned" racism, symbolic racism is characterized by more subtle forms of prejudice and discrimination. A person with symbolic racist views is not likely to oppose school integration, because doing so represents an overt form of racism.

Answers A, C, and D: A person with symbolic racist views is likely to oppose other efforts designed to promote equality or benefit members of minority groups - e.g., affirmative action, welfare, and bilingual ballots, on the ground that they violate traditional American values. (Note that this question is asking which type of opposition is characteristic of symbolic racism.)

D

The "overjustification effect" refers to the tendency of one's internal motivation to perform a task to decline when provided with an external reward.

Answer A: The "availability heuristic" refers to the tendency to judge the frequency of an event based on how easy it is to think of examples of that event.

Answer B: The "dilution effect" refers to the weakening of an inference about someone due to the presence of irrelevant information about him/her.

Answer C: "Reactance" occurs when a person does not comply with a request because he/she feels that the request violates his/her sense of personal freedom.

B

Solomon Asch (1946) was among the first to conduct research on impression formation. The results of his studies confirmed that some characteristics of people have a greater impact on others' impression of them than others do. He referred to these characteristics as central traits.

Answer A: At its most basic, an attribute is a quality or property of a person, sensation, or object. Answer C: Schemata (or schemas) are organized, interconnected mental networks of information that are based on our previous personal and social experiences and help us process and organize information.

Answer D: Stereotypes are the beliefs about a person based on his/her group membership.

A

Moscovici (1985) was interested in the factors that increase the likelihood that a minority can sway the opinion of the majority. Moscovici found consistency to be the key factor in determining whether a minority would successfully change the opinion of the majority.

Answer B: This was not found by Moscovici to be an effective way for a minority to alter the opinion of the majority.

Answer C: Maintaining a consistent position is more effective than is initially agreeing with the majority.

Answer D: This has not been found to be an effective way for a minority to alter the opinion of the majority.

B

Even if you're unfamiliar with social comparison theory, you may have been able to identify the correct answer to this question since its name describes what it predicts. Social comparison theory sounds like what it is: It predicts that people make judgments about themselves by comparing their behaviors and beliefs to those of other people.

A

The ability of a communicator to change a listener's attitude depends on several factors, including the communicator's credibility and the amount of discrepancy between the listener's initial attitude and the attitude advocated by the communicator. The optimal combination of communicator credibility and communication discrepancy for attitude change is a highly credible communicator and a moderate level of discrepancy between the listener's initial position and the position advocated by the communicator.

D

Results of the study are consistent with "self-perception theory," which predicts that, in ambiguous situations, a person's self-attributions are based on cues in the external environment.

A

The elaboration likelihood model (Petty and Cacioppo, 1980) distinguishes between central and peripheral cognitive processing routes. The central route involves active, effortful cognitive processing (cognitive elaboration), while the peripheral route involves reliance on simple decision-making rules. A listener is more likely to use the peripheral route (i.e., rely on peripheral cues) when the person delivering the message is attractive or well-liked.

Answer B: A recipient who is in a neutral or slightly negative mood is more likely to use the central route for processing a communication.

Answer C: A person is more likely to use the central route when the message is important or personally relevant.

Answer D: People with a high need for cognition (i.e., those who usually think carefully about issues) are more likely to rely on the central route.

C

Zimbardo's (1972) prison study confirmed that people often alter their behaviors so that they are consistent with assigned roles. Within the first six days of Zimbardo's prison simulation study, students assigned the role of guard became very aggressive and authoritarian, while those assigned the role of prisoner quickly lapsed into depression and helplessness and began exhibiting signs of both physical and emotional distress. Because of the rapid decay of the behavior of both prison guards and prisoners, the study was halted prematurely.

D

Compliance occurs when a person publicly changes his/her opinion to obtain a reward or avoid punishment but does not actually (privately) accept that opinion.

Answer A: Identification occurs when a person changes his/her opinion or behavior in response to a request because he/she wants to be liked by or identified with the person making the request.

Answer B: Internalization occurs when the person changes his/her opinion or behavior because the person actually (privately) accepts the beliefs or opinions of another person.

Answer C: Commitment is not one of the terms that is usually used to describe responses to persuasion but, in terms of its general meaning, is most similar to internalization.

A

In a jigsaw classroom, students work together in teams to complete an assignment (i.e., to achieve a superordinate goal). The research has found that the jigsaw classroom helps reduce hostilities related to racial, ethnic, or cultural differences. Sherif"s Robber's Cave Study found that cooperation in achieving a superordinate goal reduced hostility between groups of boys.

Answer B: Zimbardo's deindividuation study found that people are more willing to act in antisocial ways when they can do so anonymously.

Answer C: Berkowitz found that frustration may lead to aggression, especially in the presence of aggressive cues.

Answer D: According to the "theory of reasoned action," people consider two factors when deciding whether to behave in certain ways: their attitude toward the behavior and the subjective norms that apply to the situation.

D

Schachter found that, when fearful participants who were anxious about the study were given a choice of waiting alone or with another anxious participant, they preferred to wait with other another anxious participant. However, if anxious participants were given a choice of waiting alone or with a non-anxious individual, they chose to wait alone. Similarly, social comparison theory predicts that we reduce uncertainty about our feelings, opinions, etc. by observing those of others in similar circumstances.

Answer A: Social impact theory predicts that the force to comply is determined by the strength, immediacy, and number of sources of social influence that are present.

• Answer B: The overjustification hypothesis predicts that providing a person with external rewards for engaging in a behavior diminishes the person's internal motivation for doing so.
• Answer C: Psychological reactance is the tendency to do the opposite of what is requested because one feels the request is violating one's freedom of choice.

B

Four types of conflict have been distinguished by researchers interested in intraindividual conflict: avoidance-avoidance, approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and double approach-avoidance. An avoidance-avoidance conflict produces indecision between two courses of action, which is likely the case in the given scenario.

Answer A: This is the more likely outcome in an approach-approach condition.

Answer C: This is a possibility, but is not consistent with predictions about the outcome of an avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Answer D: This is also not consistent with predictions about the outcome of an avoidance-avoidance conflict.

D

The research has shown that, for interpersonal contact to reduce intergroup hostility, certain conditions must be met. Intergroup contact is most likely to reduce hostility when it provides opportunities for disconfirming negative stereotypes.

Answer A: Casual contact may actually provide opportunities for continued expressions of hostility.

Answer B: This has not been shown to be an effective method for reducing intergroup hostility.

Answer C: This has not been shown to be an effective method for reducing intergroup hostility. Having leaders meet to discuss the issues would likely be viewed as suspicious by group members.

B

This question is referring to a study conducted by R. F. Baumeister, K. R. Catanese, and H. M. Wallace on the causes of sexual coercion (Conquest by force: A narcissistic reactance theory of rape and sexual coercion, Review of General Psychology, 2002, 92-135). The phrase "feel that his personal freedom is being restricted" may have helped you identify the correct response to this question. "Psychological reactance" occurs when a person acts in a way that is opposite of what is being requested because the person feels that his/her freedom of choice is being restricted. Based on their research, Baumeister and his colleagues concluded that the attempts of sexually coercive men to force women to engage in sexual behavior is the result of a combination of reactance and narcissism.

Answer A: Sublimation is a type of displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially acceptable, even admirable, activity. Sublimation is considered to be a “mature” defense mechanism (i.e., it is common in “healthy” adults). 

Answer C: French and Raven identified six bases of social power that induce compliance in another person: coercive, reward, expert, legitimate, referent, and informational. Coercive power is the influencing agent who has control over punishments.

Answer D: According to the catharsis hypothesis, an act of aggression reduces an individual’s arousal level which then decreases the likelihood that he/she will act aggressively again in the near future. The research has not been very supportive of this claim. Instead, the studies have generally found that, when people act aggressively toward another person, this increases their negative feelings toward the person as well as the likelihood that they will act aggressively again in the near future (Geen, Stonner, & Shope, 1975).

A

Petty, et al., (1994) "elaboration likelihood model" distinguishes between central and peripheral processing routes. The two routes differ in terms of the amount of effortful cognitive processing (elaboration) they require and their impact on attitude change. The model predicts (and the research has confirmed) that attitude change resulting from central (versus peripheral) route processing results in more persistent attitude change as well as attitudes that are more predictive of behavior.

Answer B: In terms of immediate (short-term) effects, the two routes can produce the same amount of attitude change.

Answer C: It is peripheral processing that relies on environmental (peripheral) cues—for example, the length of the message or the attractiveness of the person delivering the message.

Answer D: Both routes can produce either positive or negative (favorable or unfavorable) attitude change.

C

Researchers interested in how people interpret their experiences to distinguish between several phenomena including schemas, prototypes, and scripts. Schemas (schemata) are organized mental networks of information that are based on prior experience or knowledge. They are believed to influence our interpretation of or reaction to current experience. Research has shown that people pay more attention to and recall schema-consistent information better than information that is inconsistent with their current schemas.

Answer A: According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard et al., 1939), aggression is the consequence of frustration, which is produced whenever the attainment of the desired goal is blocked.

Answer B: Heuristics are mental shortcuts that help us process complex information.Answer D: Metamemory refers to awareness of one's own memory processes.

C

The self-serving bias applies to the attributions we make for our own behaviors. It refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes (make dispositional attributions), but to blame circumstances or other people for our failures.

Answer A: The fundamental attribution bias is the tendency to attribute another person's behavior to dispositional factors.

Answer B: The confirmation bias involves focusing on and seeking out information that confirms our preconceptions.

Answer D: As its name suggests, the optimism bias refers to a tendency to be overly optimistic about the outcomes of our behaviors.

C

The actor-observer effect addresses the discrepancy in an actor's and observer's attributions for the actor's behavior. It predicts that actors tend to attribute their own behaviors to situational factors, while observers tend to attribute the actors' behaviors to dispositional factors.

Answer A: The fundamental attribution bias is the tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors when making attributions about the behaviors of others. Since the fundamental attribution bias only explains the counselors' attributions about the crimes committed by the inmates, this answer is only partially correct and not the best answer of those given.

Answer B: The self-serving bias refers to the tendency to make dispositional attributions for our successes but situational attributions for our failures.

Answer D: The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us.

A

Berscheid's emotion-in-relationships model (ERM) is one of several models that have been proposed as explanations for affect in close relationships. Berscheid's model proposes that strong positive or negative emotions occur when there is a disruption in interpersonal scripts—i.e., when a partner violates expectations regarding important couple or personal goals.

Answer B: Although this answer has merit, it is not the best answer to the proposed question.

Answer C: This answer seems reasonable, but it does not fit the model.

Answer D: Although the emotion-in-relationships model addresses the violation of expectations, it does not attribute emotions only to violations of unrealistic expectations, so this is not the best answer of those given.

B

In Asch's (1958) studies, participants and confederates were shown a vertical line and asked to indicate which of three other lines it matched in terms of length. Results indicated that when the confederates offered their estimates first, the participant conformed to the confederates' estimates about one-third of the time. The participant was more likely to conform when the confederates were unanimous in their judgment of the line length than when even one confederate deviated from the group norm.

Answer A: Asch's studies used an unambiguous stimulus (a vertical line), which did not eliminate conformity to the group norm.

Answer C: Participants in Asch's study were not directly pressured to conform to the group norm.

Answer D: An increase in the discrepancy of the confederates' judgment and the participants' judgment over time actually increased the likelihood that the participant would conform to the group norm.

C

Social exchange theory is based on the premise that human behavior is affected by the exchange of rewards. Specifically, it predicts that the decision to stay in a relationship depends on the balance of costs and rewards. When a person believes that costs exceed rewards, the person will leave the relationship, but when the person believes that rewards exceed the costs, he/she will stay in the relationship.

Answer A: Gain-loss theory (also known as the gain-loss effect) refers to the tendency to like or be most attracted to people who initially evaluate us negatively but subsequently evaluate us in positive ways.

Answer B: Expectancy theory predicts that motivation is the result of three beliefs—expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Answer D: Social comparison theory predicts that people make judgments about themselves by comparing their behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs to those of other people.

B

The confirmation bias would predict that you are noticing only those phone calls that confirm your belief about your psychic ability.

Answer A: The correspondence bias is another name for the fundamental attribution bias, which is the tendency to attribute the behaviors of others to dispositional factors.

Answer C: The self-fulfilling prophecy effect occurs when a person's expectations alter the behaviors of the targets of those expectations.

Answer D: The post hoc fallacy occurs when we conclude that Event A caused Event B simply because Event A preceded Event B.

B

Rosenhan and seven of his assistants had themselves admitted to different mental health facilities by complaining of "hearing voices." Once they were admitted, they stopped faking their symptoms. Nearly one-third of the patients identified the pseudo-patients as sane, but the hospital staff members diagnosed all but one of the pseudo-patients as schizophrenic.

B

"Social judgment theory" distinguishes between three "categories of judgment" that determine our susceptibility to persuasion—the latitude of acceptance, the latitude of non-commitment, and the latitude of rejection. The theory predicts that we are most likely to be persuaded (to change our attitude) when the position advocated by a message is within our latitude of acceptance.

C

Lewin's (1936) "field theory" is expressed by the following formula: B = (P,E), where B is behavior, P is person, and E is environment. Lewin described behavior as a function of interactions between the person's characteristics (e.g., heredity, personality, health) and the characteristics of the person's social environment.

A

Swann, Pelham, and Krull's (1989) "self-verification theory" predicts that people prefer confirmation of their self-concept. It predicts that a person with low self-esteem will prefer evaluations from others that confirm his/her own negative self-evaluations.

A

"Social judgment theory" (Sherif and Hovland, 1961) distinguishes between three "categories of judgment" that determine our susceptibility to persuasion—the latitude of acceptance, the latitude of non-commitment, and the latitude of rejection. The theory predicts that the size of these latitudes are affected by the individual's level of ego-involvement (i.e., the extent to which the person is personally involved with the topic addressed by the persuasive message). When the individual's ego-involvement is high, his/her latitude of rejection is wide.

B

"Gain-loss theory" (Aronson and Linder, 1965) is a theory of personal attraction. Gain-loss theory predicts that an evaluation sequence involving a change from a negative to a positive evaluation will result in greater liking for the evaluator than will a consistent positive evaluation sequence. Conversely, an evaluation sequence involving a change from a positive to a negative evaluation will result in greater dislike for the evaluator than will a consistent negative evaluation sequence.

A

"High self-monitoring" people are concerned about the impression they make and, thus, pay close attention to the behaviors of other people in order to adjust their own behavior to fit the style of those people.

Answer B: "Initiating structure" refers to the degree to which a leader is goal-oriented and is not relevant to the situation described in this question.

Answers C and D: The scenario described in the question reflects someone with high self-monitoring, rather than low self-efficacy or an internal locus of control.

B

Lewin (1931) and Miller (1944) distinguished between four motivational conflicts: "approach-approach," "avoidance-avoidance," "approach-avoidance," and "double approach-avoidance." The approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a goal has both positive and negative aspects. This kind of conflict is difficult to resolve because, as a person moves closer to the goal, the desire to avoid it becomes stronger. As the person moves away from the goal, the desire to approach it increases.

C

Both cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory predict that those offered $1.00 to tell potential participants that the dull experiment was very interesting will report greater liking for the experiment. The reasoning behind each theory is different, however. Accepting only $1.00, as opposed to $20.00, to describe the dull experiment as interesting would produce less cognitive dissonance within the participant. Self-perception theory would predict that the participant would rely on their own behavioral cues when expressing their liking for the dull experiment, i.e., their stating to potential participants that it was a very interesting experiment.

B

The research has found that the order of presentation of two sides of an argument and the time at which a listener's attitude is measured determine whether a "primacy" or "recency" effect will occur. When both sides of an argument are presented, a primacy effect occurs (the listener is swayed more by the first argument) when the second argument immediately follows the first and the attitude measure is administered at a later time. In contrast, a recency effect occurs (the listener is swayed more by the second argument) when there is a delay between presentation of the two sides of the argument and the attitude measure is administered immediately after the second argument.

B

Studies have found that a communicator's credibility is affected by a number of factors, including his/her apparent motives for advocating a particular position. Walster, Aronson, and Abrahams (1966) found that communicators are usually considered credible when they are arguing against their own self-interests, which apparently causes them to be seen as more trustworthy.

C

The sleeper effect refers to the tendency to remember a message over time but to forget the source.

Answer A: The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember stimuli that occurred first better than stimuli that occurred last.

Answer B: Deindividuation refers to the tendency for people to be more willing to act in antisocial ways when they can do so anonymously.

Answer D: The correspondence bias is another name for the fundamental attribution bias and is not relevant to the phenomenon described in this question.

D

Research has found that long-term exposure to media violence is associated with a tendency to overestimate the amount of violence in society, as well as the likelihood of being a victim of violence.

Answer A: Long-term exposure to media violence has been linked to a decrease in empathy for the victims of violence.

Answer B: People who are often exposed to media violence are more likely to judge aggressive retaliation more positively than do people who are infrequently exposed to media violence.

Answer C: Although frequent exposure to media violence has been linked to a tendency to overestimate one's risk for being a victim of violence, it has not been linked to an increase in reported rates of being a victim.

B

The "jigsaw classroom" was developed as a cooperative learning strategy by Aronson and his colleagues (1978). It is a method for enhancing learning and motivation and reducing racial/ethnic conflict in classrooms.

D

In this situation, your co-worker is overestimating the relationship between two events (hiking and raining). This is known as an "illusory correlation."

Answer A: The "false consensus bias" is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us.

Answer B: "Hedonic relevance" is a source of attribution bias, and refers to the extent to which the other person's behavior has positive or negative consequences for us.

Answer C: The "base rate fallacy" refers to the tendency to rely on irrelevant information rather than statistical information when making a judgment.

C

Research has found that a sense of control over a situation mediates the impact of crowding on behavior. Sherrod (1974) found that, when people working on a task in a crowded situation could press an "escape button" to be able to leave the situation, their performance was enhanced even if they never had to push the button.

D

The consequences of crowding depend on several factors, including the nature of the environment and task. Research by Worchel and Brown (1984) found that crowding is experienced as less uncomfortable or less stressful in attention-grabbing, arousing situations than in uninteresting (boring) situations. This is apparently due to the fact that crowding produces arousal and, when the arousal can be attributed to the circumstances, it is not experienced as unpleasant. However, when the arousal cannot be attributed to the circumstances (e.g., when the movie is boring), it is experienced as unpleasant.

D

Herek (1991) defines "heterosexism" as "an ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes non-heterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community." His research has linked a combination of individual (psychological) and cultural heterosexism to violence against lesbians and gay men.

B

The original frustration-aggression hypothesis proposed by Dollard et al. (1939) was subsequently modified by several researchers. For example, Berkowitz's (1971) research found that frustration leads to a "readiness for aggression" but that the actual expression of aggression requires anger arousal plus the presence of appropriate environmental (aggressive) cues.

D

Bandura's "Bobo Doll" experiments were conducted to test his "social learning theory" of behavior, which states that learning is largely due to observing, imitating, and modeling. This theory argues that we learn not only by receiving rewards and punishments, but by also observing others receiving rewards and punishments (observational learning). The Bobo Doll experiments found that all of the boys had learned to act aggressively toward the doll by observing the model being aggressive toward the doll. Whether this learning was expressed through behavior, however, depended on the personal incentive offered. When no incentive was offered for imitating the model's behavior, those who had observed the model being rewarded or receiving no consequence for acting aggressively, were themselves aggressive toward the doll. However, when the boys were instead offered an incentive for imitating the model, all of the boys acted aggressively toward the Bobo doll (whether the model had received a reward, a punishment, or no consequence for acting aggressively toward the doll.)

D

According to cognitive dissonance theory, inconsistencies in cognitions produce tension (dissonance), which motivates the individual to modify one of his/her cognitions. Cognitive dissonance theory is useful for understanding how attitude change is sometimes an attempt to alleviate cognitive dissonance.

A

Researchers interested in causal attribution distinguish between three attributional dimensions: internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific. Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale (1978) found that people who are depressed tend to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global factors.

D

Social exchange theory suggests that that social behavior is the result of an exchange process and involves maximizing benefits and minimizing costs. Research suggests that social exchange theory is most applicable to more formal relationships, e.g., business associates.

A

Being of younger age (as opposed to older) has not been found to be strongly associated with sexual prejudice toward gays and lesbians.

B

Zimbardo's deindividuation model addresses the role of anonymity in a person's willingness to act aggressively. Zimbardo found that people were more likely to act aggressively when participating in a group when they could do so anonymously.

D

The "Zeigarnik Effect" refers to the tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed tasks. Zeigarnik proposed that it is easier to recall uncompleted tasks (at least in some conditions) because they create a state of "psychic tension."

C

According to "equity theory," people perceive a relationship to be equitable when they believe their reward/cost ratio is proportional to the reward/cost ratio of the other person.

C

The theory of planned behavior predicts that the accuracy of a measure of a person's attitude is increased when the measure assesses the three factors that determine the person's behavioral intention—i.e., the person's attitude toward engaging in the behavior, what the person believes other people think about the behavior, and the person's perceived behavioral control.

A

The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and actions than they really are is known as the "spotlight effect."

C

"Balance theory" focuses on the relationships between three entities (the person, a second person, and a third person, object, or event). It proposes that the relations between these entities can be balanced or unbalanced. When the relationships between these entities are unbalanced, the person experiences a state of disequilibrium (inconsistency) and is motivated to change his/her attitude toward one of the entities.

A

Kelman (1961) distinguished between three types of responses to social influence. Compliance, identification, and internalization are the three responses identified.

Answer B: Conformity and obedience were not identified by Kelman.

Answer C: Conformity was not identified by Kelman.Answer D: Rejection and concession were not identified by Kelman.

B

Milgram's research at Yale University is among the most well-known and controversial research in the field of social psychology. He discovered that, under certain conditions, people are willing to comply with the requests of an authority, even when doing so seems to have negative consequences for another person.

C

The tendency to ignore base rate (general) information and to focus, instead, on a specific case, is referred to as the "base rate fallacy."

Answer A: This describes the "gambler's fallacy."

Answer B: This describes the phenomenon known as the "illusory correlation."

Answer D: This describes the "false consensus bias."

A

Having a common (superordinate) goal to work toward has been shown to increase cooperation and reduce hostility between opposing groups.

Answer B: There is no mention of a common goal; having a common enemy is not a relevant factor here.

Answers C and D: There is no mention of a common goal, which is the most effective condition for reducing racial prejudice of the options given.

C

In contrast to the traditional view that "stateways cannot change folkways" (e.g., you cannot legislate against racial prejudice), Allport asserts that, at least in the United States, stateways are often in advance of folkways.