_______________ are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively parasites of animals.
Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)
All sporozoans are obligate parasites of animals. True or False?
True
(Apicomplexa) aids in penetration of host cells
apical complex
___________ is a relict, non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa, including malaria parasites, but not in others such as Cryptosporidium; are vital to parasite survival, they provide an enticing target for antimalarial drugs.
Apicoplast
___________ are a large group of eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular spore forming parasites of humans.
Apicomplexans
This is an enteric, anthroponetic, and zoonotic parasite; is a ptotozoan parasite of phylum apicomplexa; opportunistic parasite; small cocci (2-6 micrometers); causes acute short term infection in humans and affects the hosts' gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelial cells
Cryptosporidium parvum
An infectious disease in which a disease-causing agent carried by humans is transferred to other animals. It may cause the same disease or a different disease in other animals.
anthroponetic
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Treatment
No safe and effective treatment
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Affected patients
3 days to 95 years old
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Association with _______ in early 1980s
AIDS
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Reservoir
Humans, cattle, other domestic animals
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Outbreaks
drinking water from lakes and rivers, swimming pools, untreated groundwater, well water
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Cysts survive water _________
chlorination
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Mode of transmission
Fecal-oral
Waterborne
Foodborne
Community
Hospital
Aerosol infection
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Morphological forms
1. Oocysts
2. Sporozoites
3. Trophozoite
4. Type 1 meront
5. Type II meront
6. Microgamont
7. Macrogamont
(Cryptosporidium parvum) infective form
oocyst
(Cryptosporidium parvum) infective and diagnostic form; each contains one nucleus
Sporozoites
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Does not stain with _________ and is acid fast
iodine
(Cryptosporidium parvum) has _____ crescent shaped sporozoites
4
(Cryptosporidium parvum) How to eliminate cyst
sequential application of ozone and chlorine
(Cryptosporidium parvum) only stage in life cycle that can live ex vivo
Oocyst
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Oocyst imbeds itself in _________ and releases sporozoites
gut epithelium
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Oocyst are double-walled and resistant to _________, _________, _______________, ____________
chlorine, drying, progressive freezing, salt water
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Reproduction of oocyst
continues sexually and asexually
(Cryptosporidium parvum) ___________ are generally crescent or bow-shaped with the anterior end slightly pointed and the posterior end rounded
Sporozoites
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Each sporozoite contains a prominent __________ in the posterior third of the body
nucleus
(Cryptosporidium parvum) __________ are round or oval intracellular, but exocytoplasmic forms; have a single prominent nucleus; are transitional stages from sporozoites and merozoites to meronts
Trophozoites
(Cryptosporidium parvum) asexual division of meront stage
endopolygeny
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Mature type I meront includes how many merozoites
8
(Cryptosporidium parvum) infective dose is _____ oocysts
132
(Cryptosporidium parvum) How many percent of oocysts produced are thick-walled and thin-walled?
-80% of the oocysts produced are thick walled and are passed in the feces
-20% of the oocysts produced are thin-walled and cause autoinfection
C. parvum infection has also been identified in the biliary tract (causing thickening of the ___________) and the respiratory system.
gall bladder wall
(Cryptosporidium parvum) has wide range of manifestations, from asymptomatic infections to severe, life-threatening illness (_____ week duration).
1-2
(Cryptosporidium parvum) Symptoms
Frequent, watery diarrhea
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Low-grade fever
(Cryptosporidium parvum) In immunocompetent patients, _______________ is an acute, yet self-limiting diarrheal illness.
cryptosporidiosis
(Cryptosporidium parvum Diagnosis) 2 forms of microscopy
-acid fast stained stool smear which stains the oocysts bright red
-fluorescent microscopy using monoclonal antibody to oocyst wall
(Cryptosporidium parvum Diagnosis) has the greatest sensitivity and specificity
Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), for detection of cryptosporidial antigens in stool samples
(Cryptosporidium parvum Diagnosis) Molecular methods using ______
PCR
(Cryptosporidium parvum Diagnosis) _____________ (with iodine) is used mainly for screening
Wet mount examination
(Cryptosporidium parvum Diagnosis) For greatest sensitivity and specificity _____________ microscopy is the method of choice
immunofluorescence
(Cryptosporidium parvum) C. parvum is considered to be the most important waterborne pathogen in developed countries. It is resistant to all practical levels of chlorination, surviving for _____ hrs at 1000 mg/L free chlorine.
24
(Cryptosporidiasis) Treatment
-There is no established specific therapy for human cryptosporidiosis.
(Cryptosporidiosis) ____________ and ____________ may alleviate some of the diarrheal symptoms, however the latter is contraindicated for AIDS patients.
Paromomycin, Nitazoxanide
(Cryptosporidiosis) Continuing _____________ drugs to boost the immune system may also control infection.
