cellular respiration

ATP reacts with a molecule called luciferin and oxygen to produce light in light generating species.

Allows for motion (beating of cilia or flagella such as in S cells or in unicellular organisms) , transport of ions and molecules(the different carrier protein pumps) , building of molecules(joining of amino acids in protein synthesis), switching reactions on or off,(switches certain enzymes on or off)  and bioluminescence in things like glow worms and fireflies.

A sodium-potassium pump.

Sodium-potassium pumps (allows nerve and muscle cells to function), vitamin pumps, amino acid pumps, and H+ pumps.

Active transport is the movement of substances through a membrane against a concentration gradient (high to low). This process requires a membrane-bound carrier protein and ATP.

about a billion.

a) NADH

b)FADH2

36

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36Pi -------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36ATP

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the presence of O2 and involves complete oxidation of glucose (all e- is harvested).

aerobic cellular respiration involves 4 stages. These are:

• 1. glycolysis
• 2.pyruvate oxidation
• 3.Krebs cycle
• 4.Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

False.

36% of the energy content from 1 glucose molecule is converted into ATP and 64% is released as heat to maintain the body temperature in birds and mammals.

because more energy is released during the formation of product molecules than is consumed to break apart reactant molecules.

Because it is highly soluble.

reactants: Glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, 4ADP.

products: 2 pyruvate (2 C3H4O3), 2 NADH, 2 ADP, and 4 ATP. 


(net gain of 2 ATP since 2 ATP are required to replenish the 2 used in step 1 of glycolysis.)

The only difference between these two compounds when it comes to the ETC is when they donate their electrons to the ETC. For NADH, NADH releases its electrons at the very beginning of the ETC, allowing more energy to be harvested from the NADH's electrons compared to FADH2's electrons which are released electrons later on in the ETC compared to NADH's. This results in the energy released from FADH2 not being sufficient enough to pump as many H+'s as its electrons are not releasing as much energy due to be released later in the ETC.

Rotenone blocks one of the earlier proteins in the ETC, preventing it from functioning properly. (preventing ATP production aswell)

Carbon monoxide blocks one of the later proteins in the ETC, also preventing the ETC from functioning properly. (preventing ATP production too) 

Oligomycin blocks the ATP synthase complex, stopping ATP production.

in the cristae/ inner mitochondrial membrane

1NADH: (1-3 ATP's depending on many factors. )

1FADH2: (2 ATP's)

H+ ions accumulate in intermembrane space due to the hydrogen protein pumps being turned on by the electron moving from protein to protein in the ETC. This creates an electrical gradient that stores energy and a higher positive charge in the intermembrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix. This results in the H+ ions moving through an ATP synthase complex due to the electrical gradient and the energy that is released as they move through the ATP synthase complex drives the combining of ADP and Pi in the matrix forming ATP.

Firstly, NADH gives up 2e- at the beginning of the ETC, (H+ ion is also released from the NADH into the mitochondrial matrix). (FADH2 releases electrons to the ETC later down in the ETC compared to NADH)  Secondly, the e- shuttles through the ETC, releasing energy every time they move from carrier to carrier. This energy, just like in photosynthesis, is used to force hydrogen ions from within the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane through the hydrogen protein pumps into the intermembrane space, gaining potential energy as they do so. Next, the e- reach the last components of the ETC and now have low energy. At this point, oxygen strips the 2e- from the final energy carrier, allowing oxygen to bind to two hydrogen ions, forming H20. (oxygen is the final e- acceptor)

The Krebs cycle is a process that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and that occurs 2 times for every glucose molecule (because there are TWO acetyl CoA produced in stage 2). The Krebs cycle is a cyclic process because one of the products in step 8 becomes a reactant in step 1. In the Krebs cycle, it starts off when acetyl CoA (2-carbon) joins with oxaloacetate (4-carbon) to form citric acid (6-carbon). After, the newly produced citric acid goes through a series of oxidation reactions, losing two carbons (released as carbon dioxide) and  producing 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP molecule (this happens twice for ever glucose, so technically, 6NAD+ are reduced to form NADH and 1 FAD+ are reduced to form FADH and 1 ADP is reduced to form ATP). 


Another name for the Krebs cycle is the citric acid cycle.

NADH and FADH2 eventually transfer H atom electrons to a series of protein compounds in the electron transport chain (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane)

The Krebs cycle is a process that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and that occurs 2 times for every glucose molecule (because there are TWO acetyl CoA produced in stage 2). The Krebs cycle is a cyclic process because one of the products in step 8 becomes a reactant in step 1. In the Krebs cycle, it starts off when acetyl CoA (2-carbon) joins with oxaloacetate (4-carbon) to form citric acid (6-carbon). After, the newly produced citric acid goes through a series of oxidation reactions, losing two carbons (released as carbon dioxide) and  producing 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP molecule (this happens twice for ever glucose, so technically, 6NAD+ are reduced to form NADH and 1 FAD+ are reduced to form FADH and 1 ADP is reduced to form ATP). 


Another name for the Krebs cycle is the citric acid cycle.

Pyruvate oxidation.

Firstly, CO2 is removed from each pyruvate, (Pyruvate is decarboxylated). 1/3 of this carbon dioxide is breathed out as a waste product. When the CO2 is removed from the pyruvate, the remaining 2-carbon portions are oxidized by NAD+ resulting in each NAD+ gaining two H+ ions and 2 electrons from the pyruvate, forming 2NADH (as there was two 2-carbon portions) The 2 NADH's produced proceed to stage 4 of aerobic cellular respiration and the remaining two Carbon compounds become acetic acid (acetyl group). Lastly, coenzyme A (CoA) becomes attached to each of the acetic acid groups forming 2 acetyl CoA which then enters the next stage of cell resp.

Pyruvate oxidation connects glycolysis in cytoplasm with Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. In pyruvate oxidation, 2 pyruvate molecules are transported through 2 outer mitochondrial membranes into the mitochondrial matrix. The 3 steps of this process are: CO2 is removed, Acetic acid forms, Co-enzyme A attaches to acetic acid making acetyl co-A.

• - cristae:(the folds of the inner membrane) 
• - Inner membrane: creates two compartments within mitochondria

-Mitochondrial matrix: A protein-rich liquid that fills the innermost space of the mitochondria. 

- Fluid-filled intermembrane space: lies between inner and outer membrane

The mitochondria is a eukaryotic organelle in the cell cytoplasm. It specializes in production of ATP and it consists of a double membrane; the smooth outer membrane which is semi permeable and is responsible for movement of substances in and out of mitochondria and the highly folded inner membrane which is highly associated with cellular respiration.

cell with a nucleus.

True

Glycolysis transfers 2.2% of available energy in glucose to ATP. Additionally, Some of the other energy is released as heat but most of it remains in the 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH formed during glycolysis.

glycolysis is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells. It involves 10 reactions all catalyzed by enzymes. In glycolysis, two ATP molecules are used to split 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate. When the glucose is split, it releases energy. So, that reduces 4 ADP's and 2 NAD+'s forming in the end, two pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP molecules, and 2 NADH molecules. (net gain of 2 ATP's).




Chemical formula: C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ -----> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH +2 H+

In the cytoplasm of all cells.

True

Aerobic cellular respiration produces 36 ATP molecules while either type of anaerobic cellular respiration produces 2 ATP molecules.

One happens in plants, forming ethanol and CO2 as final products and the other happens in animals, forming lactic acid. 

Plant one: C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi -----> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2ATP

Animal one: C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi -----> 2 C3H6O3 + 2ATP

anaerobic cellular respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and glucose is not completely oxidized. There are two types of anaerobic cellular respiration. Both have two stages that occur in the cytoplasm of cells. Those being:

• 1.glycolysis
• 2.fermentation

C3H4O3.

Glycolysis: 2 NADH, 0 FADH2, 2 ATP

Pyruvate oxidation: 2 NADH, 0 FADH2, 0 ATP 

Krebs cycle: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

ETC/ chemiosmosis: 0 NADH, 0 FADH2, 32 ATP



In total: 36 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

ATP is transported through both mitochondrial membranes into the cytoplasm of the cells.

Glycolysis: cytoplasm of cell

Pyruvate oxidation: connecting glycolysis in the cytoplasm to the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix.

Krebs cycle: Mitochondrial matrix

ETC: cristae of inner membrane

chemiosmosis: Mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space, ATP synthase complex.

Glucose can be used immediately, stored for medium-term energy, or used to synthesize molecules that can store E for long term. In plants, this molecule would be starch and in animals it would be glycogen.