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What is considered unhealthy substance use for men in terms of alcohol consumption?
- Unhealthy substance use for men is considered to be consuming 5 or more drinks in a day or 14 or more drinks in a week.
- **For women this is 4 drinks
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What is a good way to ask a patient about their substance use?
A good way to ask a patient about their substance use is to ask them how many times in the last year they have used recreational drugs.
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What does the mouth of someone addicted to meth or coke look like?
The teeth of someone addicted to meth or coke may appear ground down.
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What medications are commonly used in addiction treatment?
Buprenorphine and methadone are commonly used in addiction treatment, and if the patient needs pain medication, they should be kept on their current medication and given more frequent doses of opioids as needed.
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How do you treat asthma in an emergency situation?
In an emergency situation, asthma is treated with quick-relief medications like short-acting beta-agonists and systemic corticosteroids.
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What triggers asthma and how is airway smooth muscle regulation affected?
Asthma can be triggered by allergens, irritants, and exercise, and airway smooth muscle regulation is affected by aspirin and other drugs.
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What should you avoid doing with a patient who has chronic bronchitis?
Patients with chronic bronchitis should be avoided being placed in a supine position.
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What does not make someone more likely to get HIV?
Depth of the cut, visible blood, and the patient's end-stage do not make someone more likely to get HIV. ART does not affect the likelihood of contracting HIV.
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What is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients?
Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients, and oral hairy leukoplakia is the second most common.
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What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease?
Ulcerative colitis affects the colon and rectum, while Crohn's disease can affect any part of the digestive tract.
Chrons disease can affect mouth anus and peri-anal skin
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What is the most specific test for Sjogren's syndrome?
The anti-RO test is the most specific for Sjogren's syndrome.
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When is dual platelet therapy used in cardiology treatment?
Dual platelet therapy is used after a patient has had a stent put in, and typically involves aspirin and another medication. The duration of therapy depends on the patient's condition and other factors.
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What is Furcad's triad?
Furcad's triad refers to the three factors that lead to thrombosis: endothelial injury, stasis, and hypercoagulability.
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How is a patient on warfarin treated?
Patients on warfarin are treated with frequent monitoring of their INR, and their dose may need to be adjusted based on their test results.
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What percentage of people with RA have TMJ affected?
TMJ is affected 75% of the time in RA.
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What are the 3 major types of inflammatory bowel diseases that cause chronic idiopathic intestinal inflammation and can cause oral manifestations like ulcers etc...
- 1. Ulcerative colitis (UC)
- 2. Crohn's disease (CD)
- 3. Indeterminate colitis
Can be caused by a combination of environmental triggers, genetic suceptibility (see in twins) and immune dysregulation (reaction to luminal bacteria)
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In ulcerative colitis, which layer is affected in the rectum and length of colon
- Mucosal layer, presented continuously though colon
- Causes diarrhea, pain, rectal bleeding etc..
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In chron's disease, which layers are affected?
Transmural layers and affects the colon segmentally
- Can involve any site from mouth to anus
- Causes fever, vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal abscess
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Oral manifestations of IBD
- Asymmetric lip swelling
- gingival hyperplasia
- Granulomatous inflammation on biopsies
- Linear ulcerations
- Cobblestoning
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What is the mechanism by which low-dose, long-term aspirin use prevents the formation of blood clots?
The answer is: Low-dose, long-term aspirin use irreversibly blocks the formation of thromboxane A2 in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation.
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Omeprazole inhibits metabolism of which medications
Benzodiazepames (prolongs sedative effect)
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Naltrexone is for
Opioid and alcohol addiction (full opioid agonist)
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What to use if patient on addiction treatment needs analgesia
- 1. Continue usual methadone or buprenorphine dose
- 2. Treat pain with conventional analgesics
- 3. If opioids are indicated may need higher doses and shorter intervals due to cross-tolerance and higher pain sensitivity
* if patient is on naltrexone, need to suspend 72 hours pre-operatively to avoid blockade effect
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Bacterial endocarditis resulting from introduction of bacteria from an oral source ... which micro-organism
- ...is almost exclusively the result of alpha-hemolytic streptococci
- The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis is to reduce the intensity of the bacteremia, assist the reticuloendothelial system in killing the bacteria, and decrease the bacterial adherence to damaged heart valves and vegetations
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What INR is acceptable for extraction or 1-2 teeth?
3.0 or lower
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What type of anxiolytic is contraindicated in COPD or emphysema?
- Nitrous oxide. low dose benzo can be used
- Avoid the use of respiratory depression drugs
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Antacids impact the absorption of
fluoride, tetracycline, erythromycin and iron
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What is the standard method for HIV testing?
A 4th generation combined Ag/Ab assay is the standard
- A monoclonal antibody in the test detects the HIV protein p24 in the patient’s blood (detectable as early as 14 days after infection)
- Synthetic peptide or recombinant protein antigens in the test detect the patient’s IgM and IgG antibodies to HIV in the patient’s blood (detectable as early as 17 days after infection)
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What level of CD4 count is at risk of opportunistivc infx in HIV
- less than 200/ul
- THIS IS ALSO CONSIDERED AIDS
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Viral load refers to
amount of RNA virus in patients plasma, ideal less than 20 copies/ml
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