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Palsmodium spp:
Form and Function
Give the definitions of the following vocabulary:
A) Sporozoite
B) Trophozoite
C) Schizogony
D) Schizont
E) Merozoite
A) Sporozoite: daughter cell resulting from sporogony
B) Trophozoite: active, feeding stage of a protozoan, in contrast a cyst
C) Schizogony: form of asexual reproduction in which multiples mitoses occur, followed by simultaneous cytokineses, resulting in many daughter cells at once
D) Schizont: in schizogony when nuclear divisions have occurred but not cytikinesis
E) Merozoite: daughter cell resulting from schizogony
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Plasmodiidae: Plasmodium spp. ovale, vivax, falciparum, malariae
A) Whats the Definitive host?
B) Whats the Intermediate host
C) Whats the Target organ?
D) Whats the Infection stage?
E) Define the terms Gametogony, Sporogony, and Oocyst:
F) Name the female and male gametocytes:
G) Name the two paths that sporozoites use on liver and red blood cells?
H) What are the schizonts called when they rupture out o the cells?
I) Do all the Plasmodiums have a ring stage?
A) Female anopheles mosquito
B) Humans
C) Liver and RBCs
D) Sporozoite
- E)
- 1) Gametogony: process by which gametes are produced in protozoa; occurs when merozoites entering red blood cells transform into gametocyte
2) Sporogony: multiple fission of a zygote
-Sporogonous phase begins when ookinete begins to develop
3) Oocyst: cystic form resulting from sporogony
-Gives rise to many sporozoites
- F)
- 1) Female=Macrogametocyte
2) Male=Microgametocyte
- G)
- 1) Exoerythrocytic = liver cells
2) Erythrocytic = RBCs
H) They are merozoites
I) Yes, they start in the begging of schizont phase ring but as they develop more they end up developing except for falciparum
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1) Define the following vocabulary terms:
A) Quotidian malaria
B) Tertian malaria
C) Quatan malaria
D) Febrile
E) Paroxysms
F) Ralapse
G) Recrudescence
H) Parasitemia
2) Which Plasmodiums belong to Ralapse and Recrudescence?
A) Quotidian malaria: 24 hour fever cycle; overlapping infections
B) Tertian malaria: 48 hour fever cycle
C) Quatan malaria: 72 hour fever cycle
D) Febrile: having or showing signs of fever
E) Paroxysms: rapid onset or return of symptoms or increased intensity of symptoms
F) Relapse: reappearance of symptoms when dormant hypnozoites in liver activate
G) Recrudescence: reappearance of the disease remission; sequestraion
H) Parasitemia: presence of parasites in the circulating blood
- 2)
- A) Recrudescence: falciparum and malariae
b) Ralapse: ovale and vivax
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Plasmodium vivax (benign tertian malaria)
A) Whats does tertian malaria mean?
B) Percentage of malaria-related cases?
C) Invades young RBCs with Duffy blood groups which are what?
D) If RBCs don't have Duffy blood can they still get infected?
E) Up to what amount of years can bring up relapse after infection
F) What's the average on merozoites in erythrocytic schizogony?
A) 48 hour fever cycle
B) 43%
C) 2 codominant alleles & a third
D) No
E) Up to 8 years after initial infection
F) 16
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Plasmodium falciparum (malignant tertian malaria)
A) Whats the amount of time in the fever cycle?
B) Percentage of malaria cases?
C) How many ways can it invade RBCs
D) Whats the name of the protein that's deposited on the RBCs surface by trophozoites?
E) What's the average on merozoites in erythrocytic schizogony?
F) Up to what amount of years can bring up recrudescence after infection?
G) Is this Plasmodium considered the most dangerous?
A) 48 hour fever cycle
B) 50%
C) 4 different pathways
D) Cytoadherence
E) 22
F) Up to 3 years after initial infection
G) Yes its the most virulent among the Plasmodiums
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Plasmodium malariae (quartan malaria)
A) Whats the amount of time in the fever cycle?
B) Percentage of malaria cases?
C) At what moments do the merozoites can only invade RBCs
D) What's the average on merozoites in erythrocytic schizogony?
E) Up to what amount of years can bring up recrudescence after infection?
A) 72 hour fever cycle
B) 7%
C) When the RBCs are aging and soon to be removed from circulation
D) 8
E) Up to 53 years after initial infection
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Plasmodium ovale (mild tertian malaria)
A) Whats the amount of time in the fever cycle?
B) This Plasmodium is considered what among the four?
C) What's the average on merozoites in erythrocytic schizogony?
D) Up to what amount of years can bring up relapse after infection?
A) 48 fever cycle
B) Rarest to get
C) 8
D) Up to 4 years after initial infection
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Plasmodiidae: Plasmodium spp. ovale, vivax, falciparum, malariae
List the factors for the following:
A) Pathology
1) 2 general factors leading to most major clinical manifestations are what?
-Name the stages and their effects to the human:
B) Epidemiology
- A) Pathology
- 1)
- 1) Host inflammatory response producing characteristic chills and fever, ect
-Single acute day of fever requires approx 5,000 calories = 2 days hard manual labor
2) Anemia, arising from the enormous destruction of RBcs (iron bound in hemozoin)
-Chills and fever, anemia, splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen), and often fatal complications
- 2)
- 1) Cold Stage
- -Feeling of intense cold as hypothalamus i activated
-Temperature rises rapidly to 104F to 106F
-Teeth chatter and intense shivering; nausea and vomiting are usual
- 2) Hot Stage
- -Begins 30 min to 1 hour later, with intense heat and headache
-Often a mild delirium stage lasts for several hours
- 3) Sweating Stage
- -Copious perspiration signals the end of the hot stage
- -Temp drops back to normal in 2 to 3 hour
- B) Epidemiology
- -Reservoir; tolerant individuals and primates
-Vector; anopheline mosquitoes
-Human-to-human transmission via blood transfusion or sharing needles
-Rare, infection of newborn from an infected mother
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Babesiidae: Babesia microti
A) Whats the definitive host?
B) Whats the intermdediate host?
C) Whats the infection stage?
D) Whats the Target organ?
E) What cycle does the parasite go through and how long?
F) Whats the name of the fertilization between male and female gamete and where does it happened?
G) The zygote is called what, it migrates where in a tick and develops into what to produce what?
A) Blacklegged tick
B) White-footed mouse
C) Sporozoites
D) RBCs
E) Erythrocytic and it repeated
F) Ray bodies and occurs in the gut
G) Kinete it migrate to the salivary glands and it develops into sporoblast that produces sporozoites
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Babesiidae: Babesia microti
List the factors for the following:
A) Pathology
1)Resulting in severe pathogenicity in what type of people?
B) Epidemiology
- A) Pathology
- -Healthy people usually asymptomatic; some experience "flu-like" symptoms
b) compromised immune system
c) elderly
-Complications include severe hemolytic anemia (hemolysis)
- B) Epidemiology
- -Avoiding exposure to tick infected habitats
-Use repellent on skin and clothes
-Limit the amount of skin exposure
-Walk in the center of hiking trails
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Cryptosporidiidae: Cryptosporidium parvum
A) What's the definitive host?
B) host specificity?
C) Whats the infection stage?
D) Whats the Target organ?
E) Where is the most likely place to get infected by the parasite
F) Can normal chlorine levels kill it?
G) Gametogony produces what?
H) Schizogonyis involved in what sexual production?
I) Difference in thicker and thin wall oocyst
A) Humans
B) Low
C) Oocyst containing 4 sporozoites
D) Epithelial cells of GI or respiratory tract
E) In bodies of water main in pools
F) No
- G) Produces
- 1) Macrogamont=Female
2) Microgamont=Male
H) Asexual reproduction
- I)
- 1) Thick-walled oocyst excreted in feces
2) Thin-walled oocyst involved in autoinfection
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Cryptosporidiidae: Cryptosporidium parvum
List the factors for the following:
A) Pathology
B) Epidemiology
-Causes diarrheal disease known as cryptosporidiosis
-Most common symptom of cryptoridiosis is water diarrhea
- -Other symptoms include:
- 1) Stomach cramps or pain
2) Nausea
3) Vomiting
4) Dehydration
5) Fever
6) Weight loss
- B) Epidemiology
- -Swallowing recreational water contaminated with Crypto
-Eating uncooked food contaminated with Crypto
-Touching surfaces contaminated by stool from an ifectd person
-Can be found in swimming pools
-748,00 cases occur each year in U.S
-People with decreased immunity are most at risk for severe disease
-Occurs in young children both immunocompetent and immunodeficient
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Sarcocystida: Toxoplasma gondii
A) What's the definitive host?
B) host specificity?
C) Intermediate hosts?
D) Whats the infection stage?
E) Whats the Target organ?
F) How are tachyzoites and bradyzoites formed?
G) What changes do rats and birds get as they are infected?
H) How does this affect humans?
A) Members of the family Felidae
B) Low and worldwide distribution
C) Birds and rodents
D) Oocyst
E) Intestinal epithelium
- F)
- 1) Tachyzoites: rapidly undergoes schizogony to form merozoites
2) Bradyzoites: tachyzoites localize in neural and muscle tissue to form tissue cysts
G) They will directly seek out cats to be eaten
H) Cause females to be more flirtatious and men to take more risks. Overall its causes them to react slower when driving
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Sarcocystida: Toxoplasma gondii
List the factors for the following:
A) Pathology
1) What is Premunition?
2) What is Congenital toxoplasmosis and what can it result in?
B) Epidemiology
- A) Pathology
- - Widely prevalent in human worldwide, but clinical toxoplasmosis less common
-Healthy people usually asymptomatic; some experience "flu-like" symptoms
1) Premunition: resistance to reinfection conferred by a still-existing infection
-Serious opportunistic infection of AIDS patients; continuous tachyzoite multiplication
2) Congenital toxoplasmosis: occurs when a pregnant woman becomes newly infected
- -Damage is ore severe the earlier the transmission may result in:
- a) Miscarriage
- b) Stillborn child
- c) abnormal development
-If infected before the being pregnant it will be infect the fetus when pregnant
- B) B) Epidemiology
- -Eating undercooked meat of animals harboring tissue cysts
-Countries where raw meat is popular may have higher prevalence
-Eating food or water contaminated with oocysts
-Transplacentally from mother to fetus
-Blood transfusion or organ transplantation
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Vahlkampfiidae: Naegleria fowleri
-Opportunistic parasite
A) What's the definitive host?
B) Whats the infection stage?
C) Whats the Target organ?
D) What are its three stages?
E) Specificity of the host?
F) Once it enters the nasal passages where does it migrate from
G) It proliferates rapidly in what environment?
A) Humans
B) Trophozoite
C) Cranium
2) Trophozoite (amoeboid)
3) Flagellate
E) Low
F) Migrate along the olfactory nerve
G) In warm freshwater
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Vahlkampfiidae: Naegleria fowleri
List the factors for the following:
A) Pathology
1) List Initial and later symptoms
B) Epidemiology
1) Places that it can be found
A) Pathology
- 1)
- a) Initial symptoms: severe frontal headache, fever, nausea or vomiting
b) Later symptoms: stiff neck, lack of attention, loss of balance, confusion, seizures and hallucinations
-Causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
-PAM is an acute, fulminant and rapidly fatal disease
-Case fatality rate over 97%
-Diagnosis usually made after death
- B) Epidemiology
- 1) Can be found in:
- a) ponds, canals and lakes
b) heated swimming pools
c) fresh water aquariums
d) soil
e) sewage
-In U.S there have been 154 PAM infections from 1962-2022; only 4 survivors
-Water forced into nasal passages from diving or water sports
-Nasal exposure to contaminated drinking water
-Sensitive to chlorine
-No infection from drinking contaminated water
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