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2 methods of approach in diagnosing parasitic infection.
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The branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
Epidemiology
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Epidemiologic study provides information about :
- 1.The prevalence of parasites in a population.
- 2.Indicate whether the infections are endemic,hyperendemic, epidemic & sporadic.
- 3.Provide clues as to the sources of exposure.
- 4.Direct attention to the amount of illness in the community for the application of control/preventive measures.
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Frequency of occurrence of a disease in a population in a certain period of time. It includes old & new cases and is usually expressed in percent. (%).
Prevalence rate
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The frequency of occurrence of a disease involving new cases only in a population for a certain period of time.
Incidence Rate
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Differentiate prevalence rate and incidence rate.
Prevalence rate include old and new data while incidence rate only includes new cases.
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Expresses the frequency of deaths among those having the disease in a community. It is expressed in deaths per 100,000 per year.
Mortality rate
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Expresses the frequency of being sick of the disease and is commonly reported as cases of notifiable disease per 1,000 per year.
Morbidity rate
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Level of parasitic prevalence.
When disease in the human population maintains a relatively steady, moderate level.
endemic
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Level of parasitic prevalence.
High prevalence of disease in the population.
Hyperendemic
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Level of parasitic prevalence.
If there is a sharp rise in the incidence or an outbreak of considerable intensity occurs.
Epidemic
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Level of parasitic prevalence.
If it appears only occasionally in one or at most a few members of the community.
Sporadic
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Level of parasitic prevalence.
Is commonly associated with a certain degree of tolerance to the pathogen.
Endemicity
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Level of parasitic prevalence.
Typically results from introduction of an agent or a new strain into a community which is essentially non-immune, or the sudden development of enhanced pathogenicity by the infectious agent, or the markedly increased prevalence of a vector.
Epidemicity
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Level of parasitic prevalence.
At times communicable diseases have been disseminated over extensive areas of the world.
Pandemic
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What points must be considered before proceeding w/ treatment.
1. Severity, duration and intensity of infection and the probability of reinfection. (Diagnosis)
2.Efficacy, availability, toxicity and acceptability of the treatment.( example. chemotherapy, or surgical intervention.) (Treatment)
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Implies interception, so that the individuals in a community are no longer exposed to the hazards of the disease.
Prevention
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This implies that a patient may constitute symptomatic relief or repression of the activities of the causative agent but not its elimination.
control
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To prevent and control the parasite we must have a clear understanding of the causative organism such as the following:
- 1.the distinct characteristics of the parasite.
- 2.the condition under which it survives and propagates.
- 3.the means of exposure and transmission to man and other hosts.
We first must control to prevent.
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Measures directed to the host in controlling parasitic infection.
Prompt examination & treatment of human cases.
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Measures directed against the parasite in controlling parasitic infection.
Use of synthetic & natural chemical preparations that are parasiticidal.
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Measures directed against the VECTOR,RESERVOIR HOSTS & OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Application of chemicals and control through environment sanitation and sanitary waste disposal.
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