Complement and Interferons
Complement list its functions:
1) Consists of approx. 30 different proteins
2) Circulate freely in blood plasma, generally in inactive from (zymogen)
3) Complement can be activated by classical pathway ( antigen-antibodies complex) or alternative pathway (spontaneously) or lectin pathway (cell wall polysaccharides of certain bacteria and fungi)
4) Complement proteins (C3b) coat pathogen surface (opsonization), thus promoting phagocytosis and destruction of pathogen by macrophages and neutrophils, which have receptors for C3b
5) C5a is an important chemotactic protein, helping recruit inflammatory cells
6) Complement C5b initiates pathways for membrane attack complex (MAC) that form pores in pathogens that have lipid membrane to induce lysis
Complement and Interferons
Interferons (IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-y) list their functions:
1) A class of proteins synthesized upon parasitic infection of a cell
2) Act as messengers to protect normal cells in vicinity from becoming infected
3) IFN-α and IFN-β induce the degradation of RNA and block protein production
4) IFN-γ is produced by TH cells and natural killer cells to stimulate cells in the cellular response
Cytokines and Cell Signaling:
list their functions:
A) Cytokines
B) Cell Signaling
A)
1) Cytokines are protein hormones utilized by immune cells to communicate
2) Can affect same cells that produce them, cells nearby or cells distant in body
B)
1) Ligand binds to a specific cell receptor protein, initiating intracellular signal cascades
2) Ligands may be located on cell surface of neighboring cells, dissolved in blood (cytokines) or on the surface of or secreted by pathogens
3) Cascades may activate transcription factors or proteins that control gene induction, phagocytosis, apoptosis or secretion
Cytokines and Cell Signaling:
In the JAK-STAT pathway has 3 main components:
1) receptor
2) Janus Kinase (JAK)
3) Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)
A) How do all three of them function in Cell signaling?
B) How do Kinases & Phosphate groups function?
A) 1) Transmembrane receptor, activated by cytokine
2) Activates the JAK protein which adds phosphate groups (P) to the receptor
3) STAT is recruited and itself becomes phosphorylated form dimer and moves into the cell nucleus where it binds to DNA promoter region
B) -Kinases: are proteins that add phosphate groups to other proteins
-Phosphate group: act as "on" and "off" switches on protein
A) How does Pattern Recognition Receptors work?
B) Its stimulated by what and what is it?
A) Receptors with broad specificity that bind to molecules on the surface of pathogens
B) PAMPs: small molecular motifs conserved within a class of pathogens
Define the following:
A) Scavenger receptors
B) Complement receptors
C) Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
A) Bind lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides from bacterial cells including Gram-positive bacteria (lipoteichoic acid) and Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide)
B) Integral membrane proteins that recognize fragments of complement and mediate various defense functions, including phagocytosis
C) Single, membrane-spanning receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules of carbohydrates, nucleotides and proteins derived from viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminthes parasites
Four important aspect of immune response Describe them:
1) Nonself recognition
2) Antigen-specific:
3) Systemic response:
4) Memory
1) Ability to distinguish self-antigens from nonself
2) Recognizes and is directed against specific antigens
3) Immunity is not restricted to initial infection site
4) Recognizes and mounts stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens
Basis of self and nonself recognition
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Cells surface glycoproteins, highly polymorphic
Give the descriptions of MHC class 1 & 2 proteins
A. MHC class 1 proteins:
-Present on every nucleated cell of the body ( few exceptions)
-Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) respond to endogenous antigen
B. MHC class 2 proteins:
-Found only on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells)
-TH cells (CD4) respond to exogenous antigen
A) Define Cell-mediated immunity
B) Define T Cells and the process that they go through to become T Cells
A) Cell-mediated immunity: Entirely associated with cell surfaces, T-cell receptors, that are unable to "see" free antigens
B) T Cells: Can regulate the immune responses of other cells (CD4) or indirectly kill cells (CD8) that carry specific antigens
1) Lymphocytes produced in red bone marrow, migrate to thymus (primary lymphoid organ) where they mature (VDJ recombination of T cell receptor and undergo selection
2) Tcell receptor must recognize self MHC proteins needed for activation, but not the self-antigens (self-tolerance) that the MHC presents (T-cell eliminated in thymus if criteria not met)
3) "Naive" T cells recirculate only between the blood and lymphoid organs, do not enter other tissues; activated in secondary lymphoid organ
4) T-cells receptors are transmembrane proteins with constant and variable region, like antibodies; composed of 2 chains (alpha and beta)
5) T-cell receptors recognize only a processed peptide fragment that the APC's MHC presents to the T-cell receptor, unlike B-cell receptors
6) Other transmembrane proteins closely linked to T-cell receptors serve as coreceptors, such as CD4 and CD8
7) T-cell activation occurs in secondary lymphoid tissue when antigen is displayed with self MHC on mature dendritic cells (DCs)
Define Cytotoxic T cells and list properties or activities they do
Cytotoxic T cells: They kill cells that are infected with viruses (or other pathogens)
1) Have CD8 coreceptor protein
2) Antigen-presenting cell (APC) often include dendritic cells (professional APC)
3) Activated by endogenous antigen bound to MHC class 1 protein of dendritic cells
4) Activation results in release of IL-, TNF, and IFN-y; and they differentiate into memory cells and activated cells (clonal expansion)
5) " Altered-self" cells expressing the same combination of foreign peptides on MHC class 1 are targeted; may include tumor cells, virally infected cells, or cells with intracellular parasites
6) Release perforins, insert in memebrane and make pores, granzymes enter infected cell and activate caspase enzymes that induce apoptosis
A) Define Helper T cells and list properties or activities they do
B) TH1 & TH2 cells do attack against what?
Helper T cells: Involved in activating and directing other immune cells; their cytokines largely determine whether an immune response is humoral or cell-mediate; no killing ability
1) Have CD4 coreceptor protein
2) 1st signal is initiated by exogenous antigen bound to MHC class 2 proteins of macrophages, dendritic cells (phagocytosis or endocytosis), and B cells (receptor-mediated endocytosis)
3) 2nd signal is a verification step, naive TH cells express the protein CD28 that must bind to costimulatory B7 protein on professional APCs; a protective measure to ensure TH cells are responding to a foreign antigen
4) When 2nd activation signal is complete the originally undetermined T-helper null cell (TH0) releases a potent T cell growth factor called interleukin 2 (IL-2), which activates the T cell's proliferation pathways
5) TH0 cells differentiate into TH1 or TH2 cells depending cytokine environment:
a) IL-4: growth factor for B cells; suppresses TH1 cell production
b) IL-5: stimulates B cells for growth, differentiation and production of antibodies; activates eosinophils
c) IL-10: inhibits th1 cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells & macrophages cytokine synthesis
A) Humoral immunity is based on what?
B) Define B cells and list their factors and properties
A) Based on antibodies on cell surfaces and in body fluids (blood, lymph, ect)
B) Bind specific to free (soluble) antigen or particulate antigen with its membrane-bound antibody (B cell receptor); also serve as APC to TH cells
1) B cells produced in red bone marrow; immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis occurs
-tested for auto-reactivity by the immune system before leaving the bone marrow
2) Ig is encoded by different segments of DNA a V (variable) segment, a D (diversity) segment, a J (joining segment and a constant region; variable regions are shuffled by RAGs
3) Each Ig consists of 2 identical short polypeptides called light chains and 2 identical longer polypeptides chains called heavy chains; held together by disulfide bonds to form a Y-shaped molecule
4) Each "arm" is called Fab (fragment antigen-binding) region and the "stem" is called Fc (fragment crystallizable) region
5) The heavy chain constant region is translated from 1 of 5 possible DNA sequences named μ (mu), δ (delta), γ (gamma), α (alpha) and ε (epsilon) which give rise to a particular class of immunoglobulin
6) Immunoglobulins IgM (monomeric form) and IgD are present on mature "naive" B cells
7) B cells recirculate only between blood and lymphoid organs, activated in secondary lymphoid organs (Ex. lymph nodes, MALT, which includes tonsils and appendix)
8) B cells recognize their cognate antigen in its native form with its B-cells receptors (antibodies); each Ig can bind 2 identical epitopes
9) Binding of antigen to Ig on surfaces of appropriate B cells is usually not sufficient to activate the B cell to multiply; so B cell (APC) internalize antigen-antibody complex and incorporates portions of antigen (epitope) on MHC 2
10) Specific TH2 cell recognizes antigen displayed by B cell; cytokines such as IL-4 are released from TH2 cell to activate B cell; produces memory cells and plasma cells that secrete antibodies against the identical antigen
How do B cells handle infected cells? (Hint: 3 answers that change B cells)
1) Clonal deletion: removal, usually by apoptosis
2) Receptor editing: opportunity to rearrange their conformation via RAG (recombination activating gene)
3) Anergy: B-cells enter a state of permanent unresponsiveness and fail to respond to their specific antigen
Give a description of the following Immunoglobulin involved in the third line of defense:
A) IgM: Pentamer, 1st antibody secreted during primary immune response; monomer, present on surface of B-cells
B) IgG: Monomer, major antibody secreted during the secondary response; 75% of plasma antibodies
C) IgD: Monomer, present only on surfaces of B cells; serves as antigen receptor
D) IgA: Dimer, most abundant from of antibody in body secretions; high density of IGA-secreting plasma cells in MALT
E) IgE: Fc binds to mast cells, basophils, ect; often secreted in response to helminth worms; low conc. in plasma
B cells are associated with Plasma B cells and Memory B cells. Define them and write any properties that they have
Plasma B cells: are large B cells that have been exposed to antigen
-Produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies
-Short-lived cells and undergo apoptosis when the inciting agent that induced immune response is eliminated
B Memory Cells: specific to antigen encountered during primary immune response
- Can respond quickly following a second exposure to the same antigen
-Long-lived cells
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), give a definition and list its affects
HIV: a retrovirus that attacks thaT body's immune system; causes AIDS
A) Mounts direct attack on TH cells by binding CD4 proteins on cell surface; monocytes are infected because they also express CD4
B) Kills TH cells, via apoptosis, faster than they can proliferate over time
C) Encoded proteins also cause a decrease in the expression of MHC class 1 on infected cells, so these cells are less likely to be recognized and are killed by NK cells
D) When CD4+ T cell number decline below a critical level of 200 cells per μL, cell-mediated immunity is lost
A) Define the phylum Platyhelminthes
B) List the properties associated with the phylum
A) Platyhelminthes (flatworms): containing simplest bilaterally symmetrical animals
B)
-Most are parasitic
-Acoelomate body plan (no body cavity other than the gut); rarely has anus
-Triploblastic (composed of three fundamental cell layers)
Ex. mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm
-Dorsoventrally flattened (greater surface area to respire by diffusion)
-Tegument (superficial covering of a multicellular organism, an integument)
-Parenchyma (loosely arranged mass of fibers and cells of several types)
Sub class Digeneas list features about them:
- Parasitize all classes of vertebrates
-Develops in at least two hosts
-First host is a mollusk (most often a gastropod) or very, rarely an annelid
Body form of Digeneas list body parts and their functions
Most are dorsoventrally flattened and oval in shape; others as thick as they are wide
A) Oral sucker: muscular sucker that surrounds the mouth
B) Acetabulum: ventral sucker
C) Distome: fluke with two suckers, oral and ventral
D) Monostome: fluke that lacks a ventral sucker
E) Amphistome: fluke with ventral sucker located at the posterior end
F) Tegument: surficial covering of a multicellular organism and integument
G) Distal cytoplasm: anucleate layer of cytoplasm above a "sunken epidermis"
I) Internucial processes: channels that connect cytons to distal cytoplasm
J) Syncytial: describes the continuous distal cytoplasm with no intervening cell membranes
K) Spines: consist of crystalline actin: often present in certain areas of the tegument
-Lie above the basement membrane of distal cytoplasm
-Most flukes can absorb small molecules including amino acids and hexoses
Muscular system of Digeneas list any part and their function
-Circular muscles lies beneath the basal membrane of tegument
-Longitudinal and diagonal layers underlying circular muscles envelop body
-Muscle fibers are smooth, often in syncytial clusters
-Myocyton: cell body of a muscle cell where nuclei occur; connect to fiber bundles
Nervous system of Digeneas list any part and their function
Nervous system: cerebral ganglia with orthogonal nervous system
a) Orthogon: describes the ladderlike arrangement of the nervous system in flatworms
-3 main pairs of longitudinal trunks (dorsal, ventral and lateral)
-Cross-connected by a series of transverse commissures
-Sensory endings extend from tegument; many types in cercaria and miracidium
b) Tangoreceptors: receptor sensitive to touch
c) Chemoreceptors: sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli (some strikingly similar to olfactory receptors of vertebrate nasal epithelium)
d) Eyespots: allows organism to distinguish light direction
Excretion and Osmoregulation
Define Excretion and list the action
Excretion: removal of waste takes place across tegument, epithelial lining of gut, exocytosis of vesicle and excretory system
-Removal of waster products of metabolism
-Removal of unnecessary or harmful substances
-Regulation of internal osmotic pressure
-Regulation of internal ionic composition
A) Define the terms Pronephridia and Flame bulb
B) Flame bulb list its functions
C) Flame cell formula define and show the formula
A) Protonephridia: excretory system that is closed at the inner end by a flame cell and opens by a pore at the distal end
B) Flame bulb: specialized hollow excretory or osmoregulatory structure
-One or several small cells containing a tuft flagella
-Situated at the end of a minute tubule
-Connected tubules ultimately open to the outside
-Rod-like extensions of the flame cell form a filtering apparatus (weir)
-Ductules of flame cells join collecting ducts that eventually feed into an excretory bladder that opens outside through a single pore
C) Flame cell formula: Represents the number and arrangement of flame cells
The formula 2((3+3+3) + (3+3+3))
1) Digestion is done how in digenea and how is waste is expelled?
2) Reproductive system of digenea is listed as what:
Digestion- digestion in most flukes is predominantly extracellular in the ceca waste is expelled through:
-Excretory system or tegument
-Stored in worm tightly bound to protein
-Periodically regurgitated
2)
-Most trematodes are hermaphrodites and some can self-fertilize
-Always cross-fertilize if 2 or more digeneans are in the same host
-Exception are schistosomes that are dioecious
-Ectolecithal system: yolk is contributed by vitelline cells, yolk not stored in female gamete
Male reproductive system define the following parts:
a) Testes
b) Cirrus
Female reproductive system define the following parts:
a) Ovicapt
b) Laure's canal
c) Mehlis' gland
d) Vitellaria
e) Oogenotop
f) Ootype
a) Testes: usually 2, number varies with species
-Each has a vas efferenst that connects to the vas deferens
-Internal seminal vesicle: located within cirrus pouch, stores sperm
b) Cirrus: male copulatory organ: cirrus pouch encloses the cirrus
Female reproductive system define the following parts:
a) Ovicapt: sphincter muscle that controls the release of oocyte from the ovary
b) Laure's canal: vestigial vagina
c) Mehlis' gland: unicellular mucous and serous glands surrounding the ootype
d) Vitellaria: a group of vitelline glands that produce vitelline cells
-Vitelline cells produce the bulk of the shell material and yolk of the egg
e) Oogenotop: "egg forming apparatus"
f) Ootype: a slightly expanded area of the oviduct that is surrounded by Mehis' gland
Digenean: Leucochloridium variae
A) What is the definitive host?
B) What are the intermediate host and what do they ingest?
C) Sporocyst divide into 3 parts: which parts are being infected?
D) What effects does the parasite has on the snail?
E) Whats the infection stage?
A) Warblers
B) Terrestrial snail (Succinea ovalis) and ingest the embryonated eggs
C) 1) central body in snail's hepatopancreas
2) tube connecting the central body to the broodsac
3) Broodsac in the head-foot of the snail and enters its tentacles
D)
-Brightly colored broodsac pulse in enlarged snail tentacle
-Tailles cercariae develop in branched sporocysts; metacercaria encyst in broodsac
Digenean: Alaraia americana
A) What is the Definitive host?
B) Humans are what kind of host?
C) Whats the infection stage?
D) A water snake eats an infected tadpole or frog what is it now?
E) Whats the Target organ?
A) Canines (foxes, coyotes and domestic dogs)
B) Accidental host
C) mesocercaria, which develop in tadpoles
D) Paratnic host
E) Small intestine
Digenean: Alaraia americana
A) Give the Pathology
B) Give the Epidemiology
A)Pathology:
-Mature Alaria spp. very pathogenic causing severe enteritis
-Often kills host in severe infections
-Can be fatal in humans when accumulated in large numbers
B)Epidemiology:
-Found in various species of Canidae in northern North America
-Mesocercariae are pathogenic to human
-Acquired by eating undercooked frogs' legs
-Transmammary transmission of mesocercariae to offspring via milk
Define the following:
A) Population structure
B) Prevalence
C) Incidence
D) Abundance or density
E) Intensity
F) Mean intensity
A) Population structure: set quantitative descriptors of a hist population, including prevalence of infection, incidence, abundance or density, intensity, variance of a frequency distribution and curve of best fit
B) Prevalence: percentage in individuals of a single host species infected at a given time
C) Incidence: the number of new infections per unit time divided by the number of uninfected hosts at the beginning of the measured time
D) Abundance or density: average number of parasite of one species per sample of host individuals of the same species, equal the arithmetic mean
E) Intensity: the number of parasites of one species in an infected host
F) Mean intensity: the average number of parasites of one species per infected hosts in a sample
Define the following:
A) Aggregated or overdispersed
B) Parasite community
C) Macroepidemiology
D) Microepidemiology
E) Landscape epidemiology
F) Nidus
A) Aggregated or overdispersed: a situation in which most of the parasites occur in a relay=tive minority of hosts and most host individual are either uninfected or lightly infected
B) Parasite community: the number of different parasite species infecting a single host individual
C) Macroepidemiology: Study of the effects of large scale factor such as climate and culture o distribution of disease in a population
D) Microepidemiology: study of the effects of small-scale factors, such as parasites strains, host genetic variations on distribution of disease in a population
E) Landscape epidemiology: approach of epidemiology that employs all ecological aspects of a nidus
-By recognizing certain physical conditions, the epidemiologist can anticipate whether disease can be expected to exist
F) Nidus: specific locality of a given disease; result of a unique combination of ecological factors that favors the maintenance and transmission of the disease organism
Digenean Schistosoma spposomatidae
List the related information to the Family and Genus
Family: Schistosomatidae
Genus: Schistosoma
Family: Schistosomatidae: have no 2nd intermediate host in their life cycles
-Mature in the blood vascular system of their definitive host
-Most species are dioecious
Genus: Schistosoma: refers too the "split body" of the male, considerable sexual dimorphism exists which include:
-Males have tegumental tubercles
-Males are shorter and stouter than females
-Males have ventral longitudinal grooves (gynecophoral cana)
Digenean Schistosoma masoni, haematobium and japonicum
1) Definitive host
2) infection stage
3) Do the eggs have a operculum?
4) Write the properties that are associated to the three Schistosoma
A) S.mansoni
B) S.haematobium
C) S.japonicum
How do you differentiate between the three species?
1) Humans
2) Cercaria
3) No
4)
A) S.mansoni: found in the portal veins draining the large intestine
-Moderate host specificity
-Reservoir host include: rodents and monkeys
B) S.haematobium: prefers the veins of the urinary bladder
-Most host specific (no known reservoir hosts)
C) S.japonicum: more concentrated in the veins of the small intestine
-Increases calsium ion permeability or membranes; induces contraction & paralysis
B) Albendazole (Albenza): Clonorchiasis
-Binds to colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin eliminating its polymerization into microtubules leading to impaired uptake of glucose
C) Triclabendazole (Egaten): Fascioliasis
-Binds to beta-tubulin preventing the polymerization of microtubules leading to impaired uptake of glucose and depletion of glycogen
D) Niclosamide: Dipylidiasis & Taeniasis
-Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation severely limiting ATP production
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea
A) Write down their characteristics:
B) Give the definition to the following vocabulary
1) Polyzoic
2) Monozoic
3) Craspedote
4) Acraspedote
A)
-Monoecious parasites; hermaphordites
B)
1) Polyzoic: a strobila consisting of more than one proglottid
2) Monozoic: a strobila concist of a single proglottid
3) Craspedote: Posterior edge of each segment overlaps the anterior edge of the next segment
4) Acraspedote: Posterior edge of proglottid does not overlap the anterior edge of the next
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea
A) From the following body structure describe them:
1) Scolex
2) Neck
3) Strobila
4) Proglottid
5) Tegument (write characteristics that applies to it)
B) The following vocabulary are associated with the Proglottids write their definition:
1) Strobilation
2) Gravid
3) Apolysis
4) Anapolysis (pseudoapolysis)
5) Hyperapolysis
C) The following vocabulary are associated with the Scolex or on the surface of the tapeworm:
1) Acetabula
2) Bothridia
3) Rostellum
4) Bothria
5) Microtriches (any characteristics involved)
A)
1) Scolex: "head" or holdfast organ of a tapeworm
-May have suckers, grooves, hooks, spines, glands or tenatacles
-Contain the neural ganglia of the worm
2) Neck: an undifferentiated zone located between the scolex and the strobila
-Contains stem cells responsible for giving rise to new proglottid
3) Strobila: region of tapewormbehind the scolex & neck; chain of proglottids
4) Proglottid: a segment in a stroobila that includes males & female reproductive organs
-Proglottid can copulate with itself with others in its strobila; or with those in either worms depending on the species
5) Tegument:
-Is syncytium
-No digestive tract
-All required substances are absorbed through their tegument
-Distal cytoplasm is connected to cytos by channels or internal processes
B)
1) Strobilation: formation of a chain of proglottids by budding
2) Gravid: a proglottid containing fully developed eggs or shelled embryos
3) Apolysis: disintegration or detachment of gravid tapeworm segment
4) Anapolysis (pseudoapolysis): detachment of senile proglottid after it has shed its eggs
5) Hyperapolysis: detachment of a proglottid while still immature, before eggs are formed
-May lead an independent existence in the gut while maturing
C)
1) Acetabula: a sucker on the scolex of a tapeworm; normally 4 acetabular on a scolex
2) Bothridia: usually in groups of 4; can have highly mobile, leaflike margins with adaptations for adhesion
3) Rostellum: dome-shaped area on the apex of the scolex, often with hooks
4) Bothria: usually 2 in number (dorsal and ventral) and take the form of shallow pits
5) Microtriches (any characteristics involved): are numerous minute finger-shaped tubes that extend out tegument
-Increases the absorptive area of the tegument
-Completely cover the worm's surface
-Glycocalyx is found on the surface membrane of microtriches
-Below microtriches is a layer of distal cytoplasm
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea
Write down factors of its Nervous system:
-Main nerve center is located in the scolex
-Innervation of ganglia, commissures and motor and sensory neurons occur at the main nerve center; complexity often depends o complexity of scolex
-Sensory function most likely includes tactoreception and chemoreception
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea
Write down the factors of its Muscular system:
-Muscle cells consist of 2 portions: contractile myofibril and noncontractile myocyton
-Contractile portion contain action and myosin fibrils and it is norstriated
-Myocytons comprise most of the cestodes parenchyma
-Bundles of longitudinal and circular muscle fibers lie below the distal cytoplasm
-More powerful musculature lies below the supericial muscles
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea
A) Write down factors of its Reproductive system:
B) What's the definition of Protandry and protogyny
A)
-Monoecious; few exceptions
-In mature proglottid sperm is transferred and oocytes are fertilized
-Usually, male organs mature first, sperm is stored until maturation of the ovary
B)
1) Protandy: maturation of male gonads first then females
2) Protogyny: maturation of female ovaries first then male
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea
A) Write down factors of its Excretion and Osmoregulation
-Main excretory canals run from scolex to the posterior end of strobila
-Canal empty at the end of the strobila when terminal proglottids detach
-Excretory ducts are lined with microvilli
-Flame cell protonephridia provide motive force to the fluid in the system
-End products of cestode energy metabolism are excreted through the tegument
-Osmoregulation is also function tegument
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea
A) Write the difference between female and male:
B) Write the factors involved in the Development:
A)
Male:
-One to many testes, each has vas efferens unites into common vas deferens
-Sperm channeled toward the vaginal opening
-Cirrus pouch: a muscular sheath containing cirrus
-The male copulatory organ is the muscular cirrus, which may have spines
Female:
-Ovary and associated structure
-The entire complex isknown as the oogenotop
-Vitelline cells contribute yolk and shell material to the embryo
-Oocyte leave very through the oviduct, which has a sphincter or oocapt
B)
1) Embryogenesis within the egg give rise to larva (oncosphere)
2) Oncosphere hatches and penetrates extraintestinal site
3) Metamorphosis of the larva into a juvenile (metacestode) in extraintestinal site
4) Metacestode develops into adult in the intestine
Psedophyllidea: Diphyllobothrium latum
A) What's the common name?
B) What is the Definitive host?
C) What are the Intermediate hosts?
D) What's the Infection stage?
E) Whats the Target organ?
F) How does the parasite change the behavior of the intermediate hosts?
A) Broad fish tapeworm
B) Piscivorous organisms
C) 1st=copepods
2nd=minnows
D) Plerocercoid
E) Small intestine
F) When ingested the parasite causes copepods to move around bizzardly to be eaten by minnows. Then the minnow's behavior change when infected they stay out in the open to be eaten by predators
Psedophyllidea: Diphyllobothrium latum
Write the factors for the following:
A) Pathology
B) Epidemiology
A) Pathology
-Pernicious anemia; large amount of B12 absorbed by tapeworm
-Spargsnodid: infectious disease caused by migrating plerocercoids in host tissues
1) Swallowing procercoid-infectd copepods in drinking water
2) Eating amphibians, reptiles and mammals containing plerocercoids
3) Applying plerocercoid-infected flesh to wounds as a poultice
B)Epidemiology
-Eating undercooked freshwater fish
-Accidental ingestion of copepod from unfiltered water
-Insufficiently cooked frog, snake or pig
-Poulticing inflamed are or wounds with split frog
Cyclophyllidea: Taenia saginata
A) What's the common name?
B) What is the Definitive host?
C) What are the Intermediate hosts?
D) What's the Infection stage?
E) the Target organ?
F) How many proglottids does the parasite have?
G) Is the parasite armed?
A) Beef tapeworm
B) Humans
C) Cows
D) Metacestode=Cysticercus
E) Small intestine
F) More than 14 segemnts of proglittids
G) No
Cyclophyllidea: Taenia saginata
Write the factors for the following:
A) Pathology
-Symptoms are whats?
B) Epidemiology
A) Pathology
-May be asympyomatic
-Symptoms: dizzines, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea
-Intestinal obstruction with for surgical intervention sometimes oocurs
-Loss of appetite is not frequent
-Delirium is rare
B)
-Infection is highest where beff is in low sanitation
-One person who defecated inpature can infect entire herd
-Use night soil
-Cattle are coprophagous
Cyclophyllidea: Taenia solium
A) What's the common name?
B) What is the Definitive host?
C) What are the Intermediate hosts?
D) What's the Infection stage?
E) Whats the Target organ?
F) How many proglottids does the parasite have?
G) Is the parasite armed?
H) It's more dangerous than its beef tapeworm counterpart and its because?
A) Pork tapeworm
B) Humans
C) Pigs and Humans
D) Metacestode=Cysticercus
E) Small intestine
F) Less than 14 segemnts of proglittids
G) Yes
H) Pigs are magnets to bacteria and diseases, pulse its an autoinfected worm
Cyclophyllidea: Taenia solium
Write the factors for the following:
A) Pathology
B) Epidemiology
A) Pathology
-Cysticerci can be found in any organ and tissue including:
