Photosynthesis

• -Process that converts solar energy into chemical energy. ( glucose) 
• -This process occurs in all plants, some algae, bacteria and protists ( single-celled bacteria)
• -Photot= light and synthesis = to build

-can be described as particles or energy known as photons.

• - This is the green-coloured pigment that absorbs light known as photons to begin the process of photosynthesis. 
• - The colour of the pigment comes from the wavelengths of light being reflected. ( the colour of the pigment does not come from the colours that are being absorbed ) 
• - Colours being reflected are blue, yellow, orange and green.

• - So, they stop absorbing light  because the plant has stopped producing more chlorophyll molecules to actually absorb the light which results in these molecules being stored in the phloem structure. 
• - As well as results in the leaves turning, red, and brown which is from the accessory pigments such as Xanthophylls and carotenoids.

• -All photosynthetic organisms have the chlorophyll "A" pigment because it is the number one pigment. 
• -Then we have accessory pigments that absorb the light that chlorophyll "a" does not absorb. These are Xanthopyll( looks red/ blue/ purple such as blueberries), Cartenoid( look orange/ yellow) 
• - Chlorophyll b, c, d  and e in algae and protisans.

• - This is the primary photosynthetic organ of most plants and is found in leaves. 
• - The chloroplast is the cell organelle that harbours the chlorophyll. 
• - They capture light for food production. 
• - Xylem and Phloem transport water and food. 
• -waxy cuticles and epidems protect plants from water loss.
• - gases enter into the stomata

• -has two membranes, the outer and inner.
• - The inner membrane consists of the stroma which is the protein-rich semi-liquid material inside in the inner membrane.

• - a system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs in the inner membrane 9 the small like one sac inside the inner membrane ) 
• -photosynthesis in detail mainly happens in the storm and the thylakoid. 
• - Grana which is a stack of thylakoids on top of one another.  ( 1 chlorplats has approximately 60 grana )

- these are unstacked thylakoids that join, connect and separate the grana. This results in the exchanging of resources between various thylakoids

• -  This is the layer that surrounds the thylakoid within the chloroplast. 
• - This is where the light reactions take place specifically because it stores the light-gathering pigment molecules. As well as harbours electron transportation to chains. 

Lumen; fluid-filled space inside the thylakoid. That carries out chemiosmosis(the process in which ions specifically H+ are moved across a membrane in the creation of ATP)

• - Thylakoids are stacked up into grana to create more surface area for the thylakoid membrane. That results in a higher or more efficient photosynthesis process 
• - Chloroplasts are able to replicate through cell division, independently of a cell. 
• -lipid droplets, starch grains( gravitropism )  are slo present in the chloroplast.

• -the process of large amounts of chemical reactions.
• - a variety of intermediate and final molecules are stored and mainly occur in the thylakoid membrane and the stroma of the chloroplast.

• - This is also known as adenosine triphosphate ( ATP) 
• -  Atp is the principal energy supply molecule for all cellular functions of the cells. 
• - It provides an immediate source of energy for cellular processes. 
• - Atp is formed from ADP (adenosine diphosphate)  and another phosphate molecule to create ATP. 
• - Energy is stored when Atp is formed and energy is released when the bond between ADP and P is broken. 
• -Furthermore, we need an energy input ( Photons) to bond the ADP and P together to form ATP.  Then the energy is removed to break the bond between ADP and P which makes it a continuous cycle.

• - in full is nicotinamidedinucluetidephosphate.
• -  in photosynthesis, NADP+ accepts one hydrogen atom and 2 electrons to form NADPH
• -  NADPH is an electron donor thus becoming NADP+ again 
• -involved in energy transfers ( transportation of electrons)
• - So, basically, NADP+ 2H electrons, comes together to make NADPH with electrons in the middle between the NADP and the hydrogen. This is because that is what is binding the molecule.

• -transport molecules in blood sugar 
• - stores the majority of the energy in cells

• -A reaction in which an atom or molecule loses its electrons. 
• -ATP Lossing its third phosphate. 
• -also known as the oxidizing agent

• A reaction in which an atom or molecule gains an electron e.g NADP gaining 2 hydrogen electrons to make NADPH. 
• also known as the reducing agent.

• - They are the 3 stages in this process 
• 1) Capturing solar energy and transferring it to make electrons ( light dependent) 
• 2) Use captured solar energy to make ATP, then transfer high-energy electrons to NADP+, then NADPH is then used as an energy carrier ( light dependant) 
• 3) Use energy stored in ATP and NAPDH TO FORM ENERGY rich molecules such as glucose, from carbon

• -It is a noncyclic  photophosphorylation ( this is when you add phosphate to ADP and use light to attach the phosphate to make ATP) reaction ( meaning it needs a new photon every new part of the cycle( the time it is creating atp ) 
• - Requires chlorophyll, and accessory pigments and occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. 
• - It is more a linear reaction like ADP to ATP

• - This stage can occur during the day or night which is also known as the Calvin cycle. 
• -Carbon fixation occurs here which basically means converting co2 to glucose
• -occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. 
• -Use ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions. 
• - enzymes are required ( dehydration synthesis which is to create a molecule and hydrolysis to destroy the bond between two molecules)

• - There is a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membrane known as Photosystems. 
• - This process starts at Photosystem 2 captures the first photons of light to excite the electrons on those pigments because it contains chlorophyll " A" 
• - Then these electrons pass through the ETC  and lose their potential energy. So, they go through photosystem one where another photon is absorbed and used to provide energy to the electron that passed through photosystem 2. then it is transported to NAPDH. 
• - These are the Antenna pigments that actually use solar energy and are found at the core centre of a photosystem. However, the other pigments simply gather the light and transfer it to chlorophyll molecules.

• - solar energy is captured when low-energy electrons in the chlorophyll molecule, from Photosystem 2 absorb a photon and sends them to chlorophyll a. 
• - After chlorophyll "a"  absorbs solar energy, it donates these energized electrons to a generic protein in the thylakoid membrane. ( primary acceptor)
• -Now since chlorophyll " A"  is donating electrons, it needs another from somewhere else. So, we use the process of photolysis which uses solar energy to break up the water molecule  to distribute some of its electrons back to chloorphylL " a"

- This is when a specific atom causes another atom to lose their electrons so that they can gain the electrons taken. Making it become reduced

- this is when an atom with electrons donates them to another atom in result becoming an oxidized

• - Two energized electrons are gained from photolysis, then are transported to the chlorophyll then are removed from photo system 2. 
• -  Then these electrons pass through the electron transport chain were they lose energy through every protein they pass through and ATP is made from the energy lost as these electrons are passing through these proteins ( This energy turns on the hydrogen pumps ) 
• - They are series of Redox reactions taking place

• - occurs in the thylakoid membrane.
• - solar energy ( photons ) absorbed by the chlorophyll is used to split water into its inorganic molecules . 
• - hydrogens will be used to make / reduce ATP 
• - oxygen is a waste product that exists via the stomata

• - form energy rich molecules such as ATP or NADPH 
• - make atp from Adp and pi 
• builds up hydrogen ions for atp 
• transfer of electrons for NADPH

• - the movement of ions across the membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration due to the imbalance of electrical charge. ( diffusion) 
• - this is how atp is made 
• - So, with the energy lost from the Etc it is used to turn the hydrogen pumps that would use active transport To pull through the hydrogen ions from the stroma to the lumen= higher concentration of hydrogen ions) however, the hydrogen pumps can only let in hydrogens it does not allow them to pass through to go back to the stroma. 
• - Nevertheless, with the now high concentration of hydrogen ions in the lumen they are trying to move a less crowded area. So, they pass through the ATP synthase complex and doing so they kind of release energy and result in the binding of ADP + P in the stroma making atp 
• - photo system 2 is used for making atp 
• -

• - function= convert light energy to ATP and NADPH
• -ATP and NADPH use light dependent synthesis reactions
• -no glucose is made
• -Oxygen is a waste product that just leaves through the stomata.
• -Full of hydrogen helps with the generation of ATP

red and blue light are absorbed and green light is reflected