-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Closed-Head Injury
results from a nonpenetrating blow to the head and often includes injury to the brain at the site of the blow (coup) as well as bruising on the opposite side of the brain that occurs when the force of the blow pushes against the opposite side of the skill (contrecoup)
The brain may also be affected by hemorrhage (bleeding) and edema (collection of fluid around the damaged tissue)
Usually causes an alteration or loss of consciousness and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Open-Head Injuries
Occurs when the skull is penetrated (e.g., by gunshot). In contrast to a closed-head injury, an open-head injury does not usually cause a loss of consciousness and produces more localized damage and more highly specific symptoms
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Cognitive Consequences - Alteration of Consciousness
Many (but not all) with TBI experience an alteration or loss of consciousness that may last for only a few seconds to minutes or persist for a long period of time.
Level of consciousness immediately following the injury is one of the factors that is used as a predictor of recovery and may be assessed with the Glasgow Coma Scale. It is often defined in terms of six levels: conscious, confused, delirious, obtunded, stuporous, and comatose.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Cognitive Consequences - Disorientation
a common consequence of moderate to severe TBI and is usually the result of diffuse cerebral injury.
Research has found that most patients exhibiting disorientation show a similar pattern of recovery, with orientation to person occurring first, followed by place and then time.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Cognitive Consequences - Memory Impairment
Often includes both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
The term posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) is usually used to refer to post-injury anterograde amnesia, and its duration has been found to be a good predictor of the persistence of cognitive, motor, personality, and other types of symptoms caused by the injury
Many patients also exhibit some degree of retrograde amnesia with recent memories being affected more than remote memories.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Recovery from TBI
moderated by a number of factors including the severity of the injury and the individual's age, gender, socioeconomic status, and pre-injury physical and mental functioning.
For many (especially mild TBI), the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first 3 months, with considerable additional recovery occurring through the first year
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Postconcussional Syndrome (PCS)
refers to a pattern of somatic and psychological symptoms that occur in up to 50% or more of individuals who have experienced a mild brain injury.
Common symptoms are headache, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, and drowsiness.
Subsequent symptoms include insomnia and fatigue, tinnitus, cognitive impairment (especially in memory, attention, concentration, and information processing speed), irritability, depression, or anxiety.
majority of patients recover within 1 - 3 months.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
AKA stroke and refers to a sudden or gradual onset of neurological symptoms resulting from disruption in the blood supply to the brain.
Three major causes: Thrombosis (blockage of an artery by a blood clot), embolism (sudden blockage of an artery by material from another part of the bloodstream), and hemorrhage.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Disorders of Movement - Huntington's Disease
an inherited degenerative disease that is due to an autosomal dominant gene and is characterized by a combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms.
Offspring of people who have this disease have a 50% chance of developing the disorder and is usually diagnosed between ages 30 and 50.
Been linked to a loss of GABA-secreting neurons and glutamate excitotoxicity in the basal ganglia, especially in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Disorders of Movement - Parkinson's Disease
Due to a progressive degeneration of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra, which affects other areas of the brain that connect with these cells including areas in the thalamus and frontal lobes.
- Symptoms are divided in positive and negative
- Positive: tremor at rest (e.g., pill-rolling between the thumb and forefinger), muscle rigidity (which cause a mask-like facial expression), and akathisia (cruel restlessness)
Negative: postural disturbances, speech difficulties, bradykinesia (slowed movement), and akinesia (reduction or absence of spontaneous movement).
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy)
A seizure is due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain that causes one or more of the following symptoms: an aura that signals the onset of the seizure (e.g., a feeling, odor, or noise), a loss of consciousness, and some type of abnormal movement.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy) - Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizures
include a tonic stage in which the muscles contract and the body stiffens; a clonic stage that involves rhythmic shaking of the limbs; and postictal depression or confusion with amnesia of the ictal event.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy) - Absence (Petit Mal) Seizures
brief attacks involving loss of consciousness without prominent motor systems. During an absence seizure, the person often exhibits a "blank stare" with frequent eye blinking.
There is some evidence that the thalamus plays a role in the generation of absence seizures.
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy) - Partial Seizures
Begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body initially, although they sometimes spread and become generalized seizures.
- Two types:
- simple partial seizures - do not involve a loss of consciousness
- complex partial seizures - entail some alteration in consciousness
-
Neurobehavioral Disorders - Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
A progressive disease of the nervous system that involves a degeneration of the myelin that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
Believed to be an autoimmune response that involves the production of antibodies that attack the body's own myelin and can be triggered by genetic, viral, or environmental factors.
More common in women and onset is between 20 and 40
-
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be the result of wither closed- or open-head injury. A closed-head injury usually causes an alteration or loss of _________ and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Level of severity is often determined by considering the person's initial score on the _________, duration of __________, and duration of loss of consciousness. The term posttraumatic amnesia is usually used to refer to ________. When retrograde amnesia occurs, _______ memories return first.
consciousness
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
posttraumatic amnesia (PTA)
anterograde amnesia
remote
-
Recovery from TBI is moderated by a number of factors but, in general, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first _________ months.
3
-
As described in the DSM-5, the diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury requires that symptoms meet the criteria for Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder plus evidence of a traumatic brain injury with loss of ___________, __________, disorientation and confusion, and/or neurological signs
consciousness
posttraumatic amnesia
-
Common symptoms of a stroke (cerebrovascular accident) include contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral ________, and contralateral visual field loss. When the stroke involves the ________ cerebral artery, symptoms may also include dysarthria, aphasia, or apraxia.
hemianesthesia
middle
-
Huntington's disease is due to an ________ dominant gene and is characterized by a combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms. It has been linked to degeneration of _________-secreting cells and glutamate excitotoxicity in certain structures of the basal ganglia.
Autosomal
GABA
-
Parkinson's disease is due to the degeneration of _________-containing cells in the substantia nigra and involves tremor at rest, ________ (cruel restlessness), muscle rigidity, and _________ (a reduction or absence of spontaneous movement).
dopamine
akathisia
Akinesia
-
_________ (grand mal) seizures involve stiffening of the body followed by rhythmic shaking of the limbs, while ________ (petit mal) seizures are characterized by a loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms.
tonic-clonic
absence
-
_______ seizures begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body, at least initially.
partial
-
Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive disease of the nervous system that involves degeneration of the ____________ that surounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. Initial symptoms include optic neuritis, fatigue, motor impairments, and _________ abnormalities.
myelin
sensory
-
Psychophysiological Disorders - Hyperventilation
a rapid deep-breathing attack that produces a drop in carbon dioxide, leading to respiratory alkalosis (low carbon dioxide levels disrupt your blood's acid-base balance) and cerebral hypoxia
often triggered by anxiety or other emotional state, and its symptoms include chest pain, tingling and numbness in the hands and feet (paresthesia), dizziness, impaired concentration and memory, and tinnitus.
-
Psychophysiological Disorders - Hypertension
Primary (essential) hypertension is diagnosed when high blood pressure is not due to a known physiological cause, while secondary hypertension is diagnosed when elevated blood pressure is related to a known disease
primary accounts for 85-90% if all cases
Untreated, it can lead to cardiovascular disease and is a major cause of heart failure, kidney failure, and stroke.
known as the silent killer due to a lack of symptoms.
older > younger and blacks > whites
-
Psychophysiological Disorders - Fibromyalgia
Involves general muscle aches, tenderness, and stiffness, fatigue, and sleep disturbance.
More common in females than males and occurs usually in middle age
-
Psychophysiological Disorders - Migraine Headache
A severe, recurrent throbbing headache that is usually limited to one side of the head and is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and sensitivity to light, noise, and odors.
About 12% of migraine sufferers experience classic migraine, which starts with an aura (focal neurological symptoms), while the remaining sufferers have common migraine, which does not have an aura but may be signaled by gastrointestinal or other symptoms.
More common in females and linked to personality characteristics including perfectionism, orderliness, neuroticism, inflexibility, and ambitiousness.
Must be distinguished from a cluster headache (excruciating, usually burning, pain that occurs in clusters) and tension headache (nonthrobbing pain, usually both sides of the head, at the back of the neck, and/or facial area that is experienced as a band of pressure or tightness around the head)
-
Psychophysiological Disorders - Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
includes anxiety, depression, emotional lability, fluid retention, backache and headache, abdominal pain, and food cravings.
-
Disorders of the Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland
Secretes several hormones including antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and somatotropic (growth) hormone and is referred to as the "master gland" because of its influence on other endocrine glands.
ADH acts in the kidneys to mediate fluid retention, and hyposecretion of ADH produces diabetes insipidus (excessive water loss)
Somatotropic hormone stimulates muscle and skeletal growth and promotes protein synthesis
-
Psychophysiological Disorders - Thyroid Gland
The primary secretion is thyroxine, which regulates general metabolism.
Hypersecretion produces hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease), a disorder characterized by speeded up metabolism, elevated body temp, hear intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, accelerated heart rate, agitation, emotional lability, fatigue, insomnia, and reduced attention span
Hypo secretion produces hypothyroidism, which involves slowed metabolism, reduce appetite with weight gain, slowed heart rate, lowered body temp, lethargy, depression, decreased libido, apathy, confusion, and impaired concentration and memory
-
Psychophysiological Disorders - Pancreas
releases insulin, which is involved in the uptake and use of glucose and amino acids.
-
Behavioral Genetics - Quantitative Genetic Methods
Used to determine the net effect of genetic and environmental dynamics on individual differences in any intricate trait, including behavioral traits.
-
Behavioral Genetics - Molecular Genetic Methods
generally used to classify certain genes that influence various behavioral traits.
-
Psychophysiological disorders are characterized by physical symptoms that are caused, maintained, or exacerbated by ________ factors.
emotional (psychological)
-
__________ syndrome is often triggered by anxiety or other emotional state and may be confused with __________ or certain respiratory disorders such as asthma.
Hyperventilation
coronary heart disease
-
_________, the "silent killer," is often asymptomatic but can lead to heart failure, kidney failure, or stroke. It tends to run in families and is more common in men and in __________.
Essential (primary) hypertension
Blacks
-
Migraine headaches are precipitated or aggravated by a broad range of factors including stress and ________ after stress, alcohol, and foods containing tyramine or phenylethylamine. While migraines involve _________ pain, usually on one side of the head, __________ headaches are characterized by nonthrobbing pain on both sides of the head
relaxation
throbbing
tension
-
PMS usually develops after ________ and lasts until just before or after menstruation begins.
ovulation
-
Hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary gland results in _________.
diabetes insipidus
-
The primary secretion of the thyroid gland is thyroxine. Too much of this hormone produces _______ which is characterized by speeded-up metabolism, ________ body temperature, weight loss, agitation, and insomnia. In contrast, too little thyroxine results in __________, which involves slowed metabolism, weight gain, lowered body temperature, depression, lethargy, and impaired ________.
hyperthyroidism
elevated
hypothyroidism
memory and concentration
-
The pancreas releases insulin, and too much of this hormone results in _______, which is characterized by hunger, dizziness, headaches, depression and confusion. Too little can produce ________.
hypoglycemia
diabetes mellitus
-
Behavioral genetic research focuses on identifying genes that impact _________ and __________. Research may either use a ________, which emphasizes the total effect of genetic and environmental variables on traits, or __________, which identifies specific genes responsible for influencing various behavioral traits.
behavioral aspects
disorders
quantitative genetic methods
molecular genetic methods
-
Normally damage to the subthalamus causes involuntary jerking and twitching movements. However, in individuals with __________, damage to this region brings motor activity back to normal.
A.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
B.Alzheimer's disease
C.Huntington's disease
D.Parkinson's disease
C
Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that leads to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination. Parkinson's symptoms usually begin gradually and get worse over time. Lesioning or stimulating the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease alleviates many of the movement symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease.
Answer A: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of the parts of the nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. In ALS, motor neurons are gradually lost, the muscles they control become weak and then nonfunctional, thus leading to muscle weakness, disability, and eventually death.
Answer B: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over several years and are the most common form of dementia.
Answer C: Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking, and cognitive disorders.
-
For many patients with mild traumatic brain injury, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first ______ following the injury.
A.3 weeks
B.3 months
C.6 months
D.9 months
B
Recovery from a mild traumatic brain injury depends on several factors and, therefore, varies from person to person. But for the majority of individuals with mild TBI, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first three months following the injury.
-
What type of seizure affects movement and sensation on one side of the body without a loss of consciousness?
A.Absence
B.Tonic-clonic
C.Complex partial
D.Simple partial
D
Simple partial seizures affect one side of the body (at least initially) and do not involve a loss of consciousness.
Answer A: Absence (petit mal) seizures are brief attacks involving a loss of consciousness and without obvious motor symptoms.
Answer B: Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures involve the body stiffening following by a stage of rhythmic shaking of the limbs and resolves with confusion or amnesia about the event.
Answer C: Complex partial seizures entail some alteration in consciousness.
-
A young woman says that she always feels cold, is frequently depressed and has trouble concentrating, is lethargic, has lost interest in sex, and has gained weight even though her eating habits have not changed. These symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following endocrine disorders?
A.Diabetes insipidus
B.Hypothyroidism
C.Hypoglycemia
D.Hyperthyroidism
B
Hypothyroidism is caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine and is associated with the symptoms listed in this question.
Answer A: Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone and produces excessive urination.
Answer C: Hypoglycemia is caused by excessive insulin which produces low blood glucose leading to hunger, dizziness, blurred vision, anxiety, and depression.
Answer D: Grave's disease is another name for hyperthyroidism, which is caused by hypersecretion of thyroxin and is associated with an elevated body temperature, increased appetite with weight loss, emotional liability, and reduced attention span.
-
Which of the following is not a recommended treatment for migraine headaches?
A.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
B.SSRIs
C.Thermal biofeedback
D.Gentle exercise
D
Although gentle exercise may help some migraine sufferers, it is not included in the recommended treatment options for migraine headaches.
-
A 36-year-old man presents with symptoms of apathy, muscle problems, fidgeting, and forgetfulness. These symptoms seem to progress in intensity and frequency as time goes on. He is most likely suffering from which disease?
A.Dementia
B.Huntington's disease
C.Parkinson's disease
D.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
B
Huntington's disease is a rare, genetic disease that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It results in disordered movement, thinking, and cognition.
Answer A: Dementia involves a progressive loss of cognitive functioning. There are many subtypes of dementia including, but not limited to, Alzheimer's disease.
Answer C: Parkinson's is a brain disorder that leads to stiffness, shaking, and difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination. Parkinson's symptoms usually start off gradually and become more intense as time progresses.
Answer D: ALS is a fatal disease of the nervous system. Characteristic symptoms of ALS include muscle weakness, loss of voluntary movement, and progressing overall disability.
|
|
