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Biology
Is the science dealing with living organisms
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What are the 7 characteristics of all living things?
- Made up of organic molecules
- Composed of cells
- Grow and reproduce
- Use energy (metabolize)
- Respond to their environment
- Maintain homeostasis
- Evolve and have adaptive traits
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What are the 4 basic classes of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protiens, Nucleic Acids
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What are Carbohydrates commonly known as?
Sugars and startches
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What is the function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy to cells
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What elements are carbohydrates composed of?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
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What are monosaccharides?
Type of carbohydrate. Simple sugars, smallest molecular units of carbs. ex) Glucose, Fructose
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What are disaccharides?
type of carbohydrate made of 2 monosaccarides covalently bonded. ex) sucrose
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What are polysaccharides?
complex carbohydrates that form when many monosaccharides join together in long chains. ex) glycogen
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What are lipids commonly known as?
fats
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Do lipids dissolve in water? Are they polar?
Lipids do not dissolve in water and are nonpolar
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What are triglycerides?
type of lipid, made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
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Triglycerides can be either _________ or _________
saturated or unsaturated
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What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?
Saturated have only single covalent bonds, unsaturated have double. saturated are solid, like butter, unsaturated are liquid, like olive oil
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What are phospholipids?
type of lipid made up of glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group.
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what do phospholipids do?
form plasma membranes
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Phospholipds have _____ heads and _______ tails.
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
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what are steroids?
type of lipid, made up of 4 carbon rings with various molecules
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give two examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
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give an example of a disaccharide
sucrose
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polysaccarides usually function to _____________ or _____________
store energy or provide structure
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give 2 examples of polysaccharides that store energy
startch, glycogen
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Triglycerides are made of one molecule of ________ and 3 ________
glycerol, fatty acids
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Phospholipids are made of one molecule of ________ and ___ fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a variable group.
glycerol. 2
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Steriods are made of 4 _________ attached to various molecules
carbon rings
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phospholipids function as
plasma membranes of cells
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What is a protien??
A polymer made of one or more chains of amino acids
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what are amino acids?
the building blocks of protiens.
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Some amino acids are _________ amino acids and some are ________ amino acids
essential, non essential
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what are amino acids made of
a carbom bound to a hydrogen, an amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and a side chain.
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what are the 4 different structures of protiens?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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what are the functions of protien?
structural, transportation, movement, chemical reactions
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The two nucleic acids in our cells are
DNA and RNA
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what is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
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what are nucleotides
the building blocks of nucleic acids
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what are the bases of DNA?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
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what is the sugar of DNA?
deoxyribose
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What is RNA?
ribonucleic acid. single stranded
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what are the bases of RNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
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what is the sugar of RNA
ribose
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what is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate. The energy currency of cells. Energy containing molecule
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what are the 3 points of the cell theory?
- 1. cells are the smallest units of life
- 2. cells make up all living things
- 3. cells come from other cells
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what are the two basic types of cells
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
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what are prokaryotic cells?
small, simple cells. limited to bacteria and archaea
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what are eukaryotic cells?
the cells of plants and animals, has a nucleus and organelles.
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Define metabolism.
the sum of all the chemical reactions within an organsism
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metabolic reactions can be _______ or ________
metabolic or anabolic
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What is anabolism?
assembly of simple molecules into more complex molecules. (requires energy)
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what is catabolism?
breaking down of complex molecules into more simple ones. (release of energy) polymers into monomers
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what is a substrate?
the particular substance that an enzyme works on
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Define homeostasis
a condition of dynamic equilibrium
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what are the two feedback mechanisms?
negative and positive
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what is a negative feedback mechanism?
corrective measures that slow or reverse a variation from the normal value of a factor, such as body temp, and return the factor to its normal level.
a change in variable triggers a control mechanism to counteract change
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what is a positive feedback mechanism?
a change in variable triggers control mechanism to amplify, rather than reverse, the change
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give an example of a positive feedback mechanism
labour
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give an example of a negative feedback mechanism
body temperature...sweating, shivering
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how do receptors, control centers, and effectors play a part in feedback mechanisms?
- receptor (sensor) detects the change. the control center determines the factors normal level, and sends appropriate response info to the effector.
- effector carries out the response.
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