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What is the sexual orientation of Nematodas?
They are dioecious
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1) They have a complete what?
2) Wheres the location of the mouth and anus?
1) Digestive tract
2) Mouth at the anterior extreme and anus near posterior tip
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Noncellular cuticle is secreted by what?
By an underlying hypodermis.
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Chitinous cuticle is shed how may times?
4 times during ontogeny
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Muscles of the body wall are what?
All longitudinally with no circular layer.
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Cuticle, hypodermis, somatic musculature, fluid pseudocoel functions as what?
As a hydrostatic skeleton.
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Pseudocoel functions as a hydrostatic skeleton thats depends on what three things:
1) Enclosed volume of non-compressible fluid
2) Ability of muscle contraction to apply pressure to that fluid
3) Transmission of the pressure in all directions
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Where are the 2 main concentrations of nerve elements:
a) one in esophageal region
b) one in anal region
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Which muscles contract to open mouth to suck food?
a) Buccal muscles
b) Anterior esophageal muscles
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How do nematodas defecate out of the anus?
By contracting the anal dilator muscle.
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What causes the defecations when anus is opened?
Hydrostatic pressure
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What are the reproduction information on the following:
a) Viviparous
b) Oviparous
c) Ovoviviparous
a) Live birth
b) Lay eggs so it can feed by the tissues around
c) Lay eggs within the parasite to give nutrients and then give birth within.
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The difference between female and male nematodes?
a) Females are bigger than the males
b) Females have straighter tails while males have a curled up tail.
c) Males have cloaca, ejaculatory ducts, while females have a central vulva.
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Trichuris trichiura can cause trauma to what structure?
To intestinal epithelium and underlying mucosa
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Intense trichuriais can cause what?
A) Dysentery
b) Anemia
c) Growth retardation
d) Rectal prolapse
e) Finger and toe clubbing
f) Adversely affect cognitive function
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What is the world's smallest nematoda parasite and the world's largest intracellular parasite?
Trichinella spiralis
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Trichinella spiralis resides in what during which molt of the skeletal muscle fibers of intermediate host
In nurse cells at J1 (infectious stage)
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Trichinella spiralis has three stages involving with its pathology what are the three paths and what are the effects of them?
- 1) Penetration of adult females into mucosa:
- - traumatic damage to host tissue
- -host reacts to their waste products: nausea, vomiting, sweating and diarrhea
- 2) Migration of juveniles:
- - damage to blood vessels: localized edema
- - wandering juveniles: pneumonia, encephalitis, meningitis, etc.
- -death can result from myocarditis
- 3) Penetration and nurse cell formation
- -intense muscular pain, difficulty breathing or swallowing
- -heavy infection suppresses muscle conductibility
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The epidemiology of Trichinella spiralis are what?
-zoonotic disease: humans not important for life cycle
- eating infected pork is most common source of infection
-solid meat is safe when all traces of pink have disappeared
- well known in Mexico, parts of South America, Africa, southern Asia and Middle East
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The epidemiology of Trichuris truchiura are what?
- poor standard of sanitation: night soil for fertilizer
-egg can survive the following conditions: warm, high rainfall and humidity, moisture retaining soil, dense shade
- house flies can serve as mechanical vectors
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Trichinella spriralis can spread to rats as reservoir hosts how do spread to each other?
Rats can spread to each other by doing carnivorism or being eaten by pigs.
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Ascaris lumbricoides have what as their following pathology?
- they can get lost and cause acute tissue reactions, inflammatory response
- breaking out of the lung capillaries causes a small hemorrhage at each site
-small pools of blood accumulate in lungs causing edema, clogging air spaces
- lung can become diseased and result in bacterial infection, death
- massive infections can cause fatal intestinal blockage
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What are the epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides?
-eggs infective after 10 years in soil
-cockroaches can be mechanical vectors
-dogs are the reservoir host
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Strongyloides stercoralis a.k.a the threadworm.
1) What temperatures cause the change in the parasite from living and parasitic?
2)What are they called those free-living juveniles and parasitic juveniles?
3) They migrate from where to where and how do they cause autoinfection?
4) Humans are the definitive host how do they find or sense in the soil?
1) <34C: free-living and >or =34C: filariform
2) non-infective rhabditiform = free living adults
infective filariform J3 in soil = parasitic
3) Small intestine via lungs and autoinfection occur if juveniles molt twice before exiting in feces.
4) They sense the chemical uric acid from our skin.
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Strongyloidiasis pathology can be in three ways give the description of what they result in.
1) invasive
2) pulmonary
3) intestinal
1) intense itching at the site of entry, slight hemorrhage and selling
2) burning sensation in chest, nonproductive cough, and possible bronchial pneumonia
3) worms migrate randomly through mucose, intense localized burning sensation n abdomen, intestinal ulceration and septicemia
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Strongyloides stercoralis epidemiology describes the events.
- infected by filariform juveniles in contaminated soil
- transmammary infection in dogs, and presumably humans
- cats and dogs serve as reservoir hosts
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Ivermectin handles what parasites and what does it do to the parasite?
Trichuriasis, Stringyloidiasis, Ascariasis, Anasakiasis, Onchocerciasis, Wucheriasis and Dirofilariasis
Binds to and activates glutamate-gated chloride ion channels present on neurons and myocytes, thus enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission.
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Pyrantel pamoate handles what parasites and what does it do to the parasite?
Enterobisasis, Ascariasis, all species of hook worms and Acanthocephaliasis
Acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, which causes sudden contraction, followed by paralysis of the helminths.
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What is the definition of:
a) heteroxenous
b) monxenous?
a) parasite lives within more than 1 host in their life cycle
b) parasite live within one host their entire life cycle
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Name the 3 subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei and the threat and effect on people.
1) T.b.brucei - humans can't get it; causes nagana in live stocks
- 2) T.b rhodesiense - human sleeping sickness ( acute form)
- -Rapid weight loss, heart problems; death within a few months of infection
- 3) T.b gambiense - human sleeping sickness (chronic form)
- - Invades CNS, initiates chronic sleeping sickness
- Increased apathy, mental dullness, tremor paralysis, coma, death
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Trypanosoma brucei epidemiology is described as what?
- reservoir hosts for T.b.rhodesiense
-the presence of tsetse fly
-brush removal and trimming
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1) Onchocerca volvulus causes what common disease?
2) What happens to the skin as juveniles are degenerating in the skin?
3) What happens to the eyes when juveniles are degenerating?
4) The parasite may result in elephantiasis and called what?
1) River blindness
2) Pruritus and server dermatitis
3) Sclerosing keratitis
4) Hanging groin
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Epidemiology of Onchocerca volvulus are the following what?
1) Public health problem in Africa and South America
2) Black fly larval stages found in clear and fast-running streams sometimes attached to the crustaceans that are living that stream
3) Adult flies survive in high humidity and plenty of stream side vegetation
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1) In Dirofilaria immitis where do the microfilaria develop into J3 in what?
2) Where do these infective filariform, J3s move to inside the mosquito?
1) In side the Malpighian tubules
2) The proboscis
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Give some epidemiology factors about Dirofilaria immitis:
- host specificity is low for species of mosquito vectors
-Has been diagnosed from domestic dog in all 50 U.S states
- Only 60 cases of human pulmonary dirofilariasis documented in the U.S
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Wuchereria bancrofti answer the following questions:
a) Where are adults located in humans
b) Microfilariae are shown to periodicity of their migration to where?
c) Whats the target organ?
d) When should you get tested if you think you have been infected and why?
a) Lymphatic duct in tje afferent lymph channels near major lymph glands in lower half of the body
b) Migration to peripheral blood circulation
c) Lymphatic vessels
d) Evening due to them staying in one spot during that time.
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Wuchereria bancrofti pathology as the lymphatic filariasis can be described in 3 phrases which are and do what?
1) Asymptomatic: seen in large proportion of infected endemic individuals where microfilaremia and symptoms are not present
- 2) Inflammatory (Acute): caused by antigens (Wolbachia) released from adult worms
- - adult worms cause dilation of lymph channels
-may result in lymphedema and hydrocele
-invasion of bacteria from skin surface
- 3) Obstrutive: infiltration of the affected area with firbrous connective tissue
- - elephatiasis results from repeated attacks of acute lymphatic inflammation
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Wucheria bancrofti epidemiology factors describe them.
- Mosquito vectors are primarily night feeders
- Tropical areas provide suitable breeding sites for mosquitos
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Loa loa
1) What is common name?
2) When should you get tested if you think you have been infected and why?
3) Microfilaria appear where in the day and at night?
4) What is the intermediate host?
5) Where are do microfilariae develop in J3 and where do they migrate after transforming?
6) What time of day should you get a check-up for the parasite?
1) Eye worm
2) Around dawn cause they actively migrate in the body
3) In the peripheral blood during the day and lungs at nights
4) Deer flys genus (Chrysops)
5) They develop in the thoracic muscles then migrate to the mouthparts
6) Afternoon
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1) Loa loa pathology is describe as what?
2) The worms wander through subcutaneous connective tissue leaving what?
3) Whats common when infected?
4) What can be included the worm infection is deep with the tissues
- Adults live in subcutaneous and intermuscular connective tissues, including back,chest, axilla, groin scalp and eye
2) Calabar "fugitive swellings"
3) Intense pruritis, arthralgia and fatigue
4) Fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the active tissues of the brain)
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Loa loa epidemiolody factors:
- in rain forest areas of Central and West Africa
- several species of deerfly serve as vectors
- control of deer flies breeding in swampy areas is extremely difficult
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Anisakis simplex
1) What are its definitive hosts?
2) What are its intermediate hosts?
3) Where do the J3 migrate in the host?
4) What its target organ?
5) Are J3 usually transferred?
6) Where do J2 molts?
1) Marine mammals
2) Fishes that do predation
3) In the muscle
4) Stomach
5) fish to fish predation then eaten by marine mammal
6) They molt in crustaceans
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Anisaki simplex, pathology:
1) Symptoms are what?
2) What can occur if infected by the parasite?
1) Extreme, gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and hives
2) Severe IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
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Anisakis simplex epidemiology are what?
- eating under cooked or raw fish like sushi
- In U.S a majority are due to ingestion of Pacific salmon
-In Western Europe cases are due to ingestion of herring
- In Spain mst cases are from consumption of pickled anchovies
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Enterobius vermicularis:
1) Need to attach to and feed on what?
2) What happens to the male after sex?
3) Where does the female lay their eggs and what happens after eggs have been layed.
4) Eggs can be swallowed accidentally since their airborne leading to what?
1) Attach to mucosa and feed on epithelial cells and bacteria
2) They die
3) Lay onto perianal skin and the die
4) Retroinfection may happen
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Enetrobius vermicularis, pathology:
1) Large numbers can cause pathogenesis in 2 ways which are?
2) Some wander, whats the common place for them to wander?
- 1)
- a) damage caused by wworms attached within intestine
- - minute ulceration lead to mild inflammation and bacterial infection
- b) damage resulting from egg deposition around the anus
- - perianal tickling sensation causes intense itching resulting in bacterial infection
2) The vulva causes mild irritation
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Enterobius vermicularis, epidemiology are what?
- humans can inhale or swallow the eggs
- clothing and bedding rapidly becomes contaminated with eggs
- all bed lines, towels and clothes must be washed in hot water
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Ancylostoma duodenale
1) what do the eggs require for development?
2) Newly hatched J1s live where?
3) Once they penetrate the skin what do they do?
1) Warmth, shade and moisture
2) Live in feces and feed on fecal matter
3) They penetrate skin to get to the heart via blood vessels then to the lungs to be coughed up and swallowed
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Ancylostoma duodenale, pathology:
1) Presence and severity depends on what three factors?
2) Hook worm disease manifests in three main phases named them:
3) Epidemiology stems from what?
- 1)
- a) number of worms present
b) species of hookworm
c) nutritional condition of infected person
- 2)
- a) Cutaneous phase "ground itch" caused by bacterial infection of invading juvenile
- -cutaneous larva migrans "creeping eruption", from cat and dog hookworms
b) Pulmonary phase: dry coughing and sore throat as worms break out of capillaries
- c) Intestinal phase: attach to mucosa, suck blood producing deficiency anemia
- -0.26 ml blood loos per day (0.26 ml x 100 worms = 26 ml blood loss)
- 3)
- a) economic dependence on night soil
b) 23C to 30C for juveniles
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Ancylostoma sp, a study was done of feral cats in Florida which showed what?
- 75% were infected with Ancylostoma tubaeforme
-33% were infected with Ancylostome braziliense which is associated with cutaneous larval migrans
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Trypanosoma cruzi
a) Once they enter the wound what happens?
b) Trypomastigotes released and enter what cells?
a) They penetrate varoius cells
b) Spleen, liver, lymphatics cardiac smoth and skeletal muscle
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Trypanosoma cruzi pathology,
1) name the common disease and its function
b) name the symptoms that you can receive
- 1) Chagas' disease
- -rupture of pseudocysts causes acute local inflammatory response resulting in necrosis
a) destrcution of autonomic ganglia causes megasophagus or mega colon
b) heart disease by destroyed nerver ganglia; heart enlarges
- 2)
- a) Chagoma: acute local inflammatory reaction where parasite through bite
b) Romana's sign swelling and edema when parasite enter conjunctiva of eye
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Trypanosma cruzi, epidemiology:
- Blood transfusion
-Cracked walls and roofs; ideal breeding for triatomine bugs
- dog, cats, opossums, armadillos, wood rats are reservior hosts
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Lesihmania donovani, pathology:
1) Common name of diseases?
2) How does it begin
3) Destroys what?
4) What happens to the liver and spleen?
5) As it prolongs what happens to the body?
1) Kala-azar
2) low grade fever and malaise
3) phagocytic cells of reticuloendothelial system including spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, intestine, bone marrow
4) liver hypertrophy of liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly)
5) progressive wasting and anemia
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Leishmania donovani, epidemiology factors are what?
- control of sand flies and reservoir hosts in endemic areas
- dogs are the main important reservoir in host most areas
- fatal outcome is most frequent in infants and young children.
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Giardia lamblia
1) Occurs mostly in what climate and are they what?
1) warm climate and their cosmopolitan
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Giardia lamblia pathology,
1) Some cases are what?
2) What do they interferes with?
3) what are the symptoms?
4) What happens to the gallbladder when infected?
1) giardiasis
2) Absorption of fats and other nutrients
3) increases mucus production, diarrhea, dehydration, intestinal pai, flatulence, weight loss
4) causing jaundice and colic
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Giardia lamblia, epidemiology,
1) Are they highly contagious?
2) What are its reservoir hosts?
3) It counts as what?
1) Yes
2) Beavers, dogs, cats and sheep
3) STI
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Trichomonas vaginalis
1) Its primarily transmitted by what?
2) Lives where in women and men
3) Whats happens to ph once the parasite established and why its bad?
1) sex
2) women= =vagina and urethra, men=prostate, seminal vesicles and urethra
3) It shifts to basic and it encourages bacterial growth
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Trichomonas vaginalis, pathology
1) If a person have low pathogenicity they are what?
2) Symptom for men?
3) Symptom for women?
1) Usually asymptomatic
2) have irritating urethritis or prostatitis
3) degeneration of vaginal epithelium
- leukocytic inflitration; secretions become abundant and white or greenish
-Strains can cause intense inflammation itching, copious white discharge, burning and chaffing
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Trichomonas vaginalis, epidemiology
1) How are they transmitted by what and considered what?
2) How can you contract it?
1) sex and considered as a STI
2) Soiled washcloths, towels and clothing.
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Why is Trypanosome cruzi considered as the new HIV/AIDS?
- Chagas disease and HIV are health disparities
- Both are chronic conditions
- Require prolonged treatment
-Treatment is expensive like most sexual disease
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