Excretory system

they regulate the composition of body fluids by removing metabolic waste while still retaining the proper amount of water salt and nutrients.

any part that excretes something. E.X (Skin: sweat, lungs: CO2, Liver:Bile)

occurs in the liver. the removal of NH2 group from an amino acid in order to break it down for energy.

the process also creates a biproduct called ammonia/bleach

the liver breaks down waste while the kidneys remove waste

it can either turn it into uric acid or urea which is still bad for you but not as much as ammonia

your body can break down nucleic acids into uric acid however this is not common and mammals and usually birds do this.

• its insoluble.
• if there's too much it will form microscopic crystals on your joints causing them to become inflamed and make them inflate.

• 1. maintain water balance.
• 2. maintain blood PH (Add/Remove H+ ions)
• 3. remove wastes from body, mostly nitrogenous wastes (NH3, Urea, Uric acid)

• you have two.
• they weigh nearly 1 pound.
• hold 1/4 of bodies blood.

Transports wastes filtered from the kidneys to the bladder.

Holds urine.

• Cortex: outer layer of connective tissue that encircles the kidney (contain part of the nephrons)
• Medulla: inner layer beneath the cortex, very salty because it is in charge of water control. (contains the other part of nephron)
• Renal Pelvis: Area in the middle of the kidneys which
• connects collection ducts to ureters'.

Nephrons.

peritubular capillaries.

Afferent Arterioles supply the Nephrons with blood to be filtered. the blood winds into a ball called the glomerulus which is surrounded by the bowman's capsule which acts as a strainer and filters out things such as WBC's and RBC's but allows excess plasma through. the blood then leaves through the Efferent arterioles and wraps around the Nephron.

• 1. filtration
• 2. reabsorption
• 3. secretion

Blood enters the glomerulus at high pressure. the glomerulus dips into the bowman's capsule where the blood is filtered and plasma and other small particles make it through and into the capsule while large particles (RBC's, WBC's, platelets) cant make it through.

whatever passes through the bowman's capsule (plasma)

useful substances (amino acids, glucose, salts) are apart of filtrate but your body still needs them and doesn't want to pee them out. they are reabsorbed back into the blood via diffusion and active transport. You're body can send Antidiuric hormones (ADH) to cause your collecting duct to become semi permeable and allow water to pass from your collection duct into your medulla.

Sodium is reabsorbed into the blood resulting in HCO3 or Cl (most common) to follow so that blood PH doesn't become to acidic or basic. water then follows because NaCl makes salt and your body needs to monitor the amount of salt concentration in your blood.

• the proximal tubule majorly reabsorbs amino acids, glucose sodium, chlorine, and some water
• the loop of Henle majorly absorbs water and it slightly adjusts sodium

any excess wastes still in the blood (ammonia, drugs, H+ ions) are secreted into the distal tubule via active transport and leave the body through pee pee.

body does not make enough insulin from the pancreas.

• sugary urine.
• excess urination.
• dehydration
• fatigue.

you are born with type one and cant catch it. type 1 is an autoimmune disease while type 2 is insulin resistance. in type 1 no insulin is produced and your pancreas does not function whilst in type 2 your pancreas slightly functions.

Defect in ADH producing cells which causes urine output to increase.

immflamation of the nephrons. usually caused by damage to the glomerulus which changes its permeability which gets rid of the filter and other proteins like red blood cells can now go through your pee. this causes you to pee blood.

when your diet consists of crystal like substances they collect in the ureters or renal pelvis and block your pee from getting out.

in hemodialysis you are connected to a fake kidney and blood is artificially filtered through whilst peritoneal dialysis is bathing the kidney in dialysate fluid.