immunity

• plasma which is the liquid portion
• formed portion which is the solid portion

RBC's, WBC's, platelets, amino acids, carbs, water, salt, enzymes.

erythrocytes

increases surface area for oxygen binding and it allows them to maneuver through tiny blood vessels.

oxygen transport.

made in bone marrow, live for 120 days.

they are sent to the liver and recycled.

condition when there are very few red blood cells or very little hemoglobin in the red blood cells caused by iron deficiency. (iron deficiency leads to anemia)

leukocytes.

are part of the bodies response to pathogens.

1% but they can double in numbers to about two percent once your immune system detects foreign antigens.

there fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart.

contain no nucleus and they break down quickly in the blood.

play a key role in blood clotting to prevent blood loss after a blood vessel is punctured.

they create fibrin which forms a net with other fibrin and red blood cells to create a clot.

a system of vessels closely associated with the capillaries and veins in the circulatory system.

• maintain the balance of fluids in the body 
• work with leucocytes to protect the body from infection 
• and it transports leucocytes.

the fluid that flows through the lymph system. its wither colourless or pale yellow

interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) (basically plasma)

• contain one-way valves to prevent backflow.
• not sealed off to allow substances in or out.

some plasma escapes from the capillaries and becomes part of the interstitial fluid. this interstitial fluid is then absorbed into the vessels of the lymph system and eventually rejoins the circulatory system.

glands found throughout the entire lymph system.

• lymph nodes store lymphocytes (baby WBCs) until they mature
• contain macrophages (Pacman WBCs) that trap and destroy bacteria that make it inside our bodies.

leucocyte/ macrophage production doubles and since they are made in the lymph nodes they start to swell.

• 1. Physical. (non-specific)
• 2. macrophages (non-specific)
• 3. immune response (specific)

• skin, mucus, hair, and ciliated cells.
• the low ph of the skin kills germs. skin secretes lysozyme which also kills bacteria.

when the foreign pathogen makes it past the physical line of defence and into the body.

specialized leucocytes called macrophages (Pacman) eat the pathogen through phagocytosis. macrophages attack infected cells destroying the cells and microbes. the dead cell fragments are called pus.

redness, hot (body is trying to boil out the pathogen), pain, swelling (lymph nodes doubling production of macrophages)

as soon as pathogens enter the body, they activate complement proteins. these proteins form a circle on the pathogen (to signify its destruction) and another protein punctures the cell and fills it with water, killing it.

it stimulates the production of antibodies.

• T cells: produced in the bone and stored in the thymus.
• B cells: produced in the bone marrow and stored in the bone marrow

once a macrophage eats a pathogen it sticks out the antigen of the pathogen. a helper T cell then reads the antigen and sends a chemical called lymphokine to wake up the B cells. Lymphokine causes the B cells to divide rapidly and create antibodies to the invader. helper T cells also activate killer T cells.

• woken up by helper T cells.
• They puncture the cell membranes of the pathogens and kill them.
• they eat mutated cells before they become cancerous.

nothing. you need to take immunosuppressant medication to almost shut down your immune system.

a suppressor T cell inhibits the immune system response.

during the first battle memory, B cells were created that hold the antigen for the virus it already faced. the next time the same virus attacks your body your memory B cells will begin the immune response immediately.

A, B, AB, O all of these can either be RH positive or negative.

the presence or absence of proteins on the surface of the pathogens called antigens.

O blood type. this is because it has no antigen so blood type A, B or AB has no antibodies to fight it.

blood type AB, because it cant make antibodies otherwise it would be killing its own Red blood cells so it can accept all blood types.

the immune system will attack the blood type it doesn't recognize leading to angulation which is the immune system making a blood clot.

if a person has a rhesus factor marker (RH+) they have a positive blood type. if they don't have one they have a negative blood type. only negative blood types can donate to positive ones, positive ones can not donate to negative blood types because otherwise, you would start creating anti-rhesus antibodies.

it occurs if the baby has a blood type of RH+ and the Mom has a blood type of RH-. (remember, RH- can not share blood with RH+) nothing happens to the first child, during the first child your body just makes antigens however when the second child is in the moms womb it gets attacked.

happens when killer T cells or antibodies attack the bodies own cells as if they were foreign antigens

• Rheumatoid arthritist: t cells and antibodies attack the proteins at your joints. 
• Addisons disease: attacks adrenal gland which stops body from making adrenaline.
• Type 1 diabetes: immune system attacking pancreas and disabling insulin.

exagerated response from your body towards something completely harmless. (pollen, mould, food)

Hiv is the virus that causes AIDS. AIDs is the disease.

it is when an HIV virus destroys your helper T cells.