The lymphatic system and blood components

- the fluid portion of the blood that where the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets are suspended between the formed portion part of blood. Furthermore, amino acids, carbs, salt, water, enzymes are suspended

• - the fluid portion which is plasma and makes up 55% of the blood.
• - the solid portion known as the formed portion that divides up into Rbc and wbc. ( makes up 44% of it)

• - These are fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break down. 
• - no nucleus and breaks down quickly in the blood. 
• - plays a key role in blood clotting to prevent excessive blood loss after an injury by producing fibres  known as fir in that stop the flow of blood and create a scab.

• - also known as leucocytes, have a nucleus and are colourless. 
• - They are part of the body's defence to infections, make up 1% of the blood and 2% when an infection takes place.

- This is a condition in which they are few rbcs, have too little hemoglobin as well as can be caused by an iron deficiency.

• - They are created in the bone marrow and have an average life span of 120 days. ( 4 months )
• - appear to be red when they carry oxygen in the light and blue when they lose oxygen.

• - these are also known as erythrocytes that specialize in oxygen transportation but a few co2 transportation. 
• - mature rbc has no nucleus, packed with 280  million iron containing hemoglobin. 
• - allows larger quantities of oxygen to be transported. 
• - released by diffusion as well as have a biconcave shape that increases their surface area for more oxygen binding and ability to maneuver through blood vessels.

• - System closely associated with the capillaries and veins of the circulatory system as well as maintains the balance of fluids in the body. 
• - Works with wbcs to protect the body against infection. 
• - contains the lymph that is made up specifically of intestinal fuild that is pale or yellow, a similar composition to plasma.
• - They are not sealed off completely to all things like water to go through in and out easily. 
• - they have a valve to prevent back flow and are moved through skeletal muscles.

• - as blood travels through the blood system some of the plasma escapes from the capillaries and becomes part of the intestinal fluids. 
• - instead of going back into the capillaries, it is transported through the lymphatic system till it reaches the circulatory system. 
• - as the blood arrives in the heart the in a continuous circuit the lymph forms ended tubes in the capillary beds. ( have dead ends )

• - store baby wbc as they mature. ( lymphocytes)
• - contains macrophages whose purpose is destroy bacteria in the body. 
• - infections may force the immune system to increase the amount o =f macrophages and sometimes results in the sealing of you jaw and armpit

• -1 - physical ( non specific - meaning they destroy anything.
• 2 - Marcpohages ( non specfifc )
• 3 - Immune response ( specific - they destroy specific proteins )

• - skin,mucus, membranes, hair and ciliates cells 
• - Each contains the bodily fluid or oil that kills bacteria known as lysozymes for the skin especially

• - Only comes into play if the invader gets past the first line .
• - specialized white cells called macrophages  but specifically called the “ Neutrophils” that eat the invader by the process of phagocytosis. ( the process of ingesting smaller microorganisms) 
• - the dead framgments of the bacteria are known as pus.
• - the immune system responds through get red around the injured are cuz of increased blood flow.
• - fevers and pain to showcase something is wrong.

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• - These are proteins designed to recognize specific viruses also can be remembered as a name tag.
• - problem with antigens is when the pathogens use their own antigens to bind to a cell and in gulf it can lead to killing the cell. However, antibodies binding to antigens prevents this issue from occurring.

• - as as soon as pathogens are enter the body they activate complement proteins that are already floating around in the blood.
• - these proteins work together to form a ring like coating around the pathogen  while a different protein punctures the cells filling it with water causing it to burst.
• - Finally another group of proteins attach to the cells that did not burst and act as neon sign for leukocytes( white blood cells ) 
• - the intrusion of pathogen also triggers the productions of antibodies if they have encountered the same pathogen before

• - Attach to the antigens of the virus  and slow it down or flag down that it is a virus. 
• - Neutralize or kill specific pathogens 
• - they are not complement proteins.
•   -

• - T cells which are produced in the bone and stored in the Thymus( part in the chest)
• - B cells which are made and stored in the bone marrow.

• - After the macrophages have finished ingulfing the pathogen the antigen of the pathogen is now sticking out. 
• - So now the helper T cells recognize the shape of the antigen and send out a chemical known as Lymphokine.
• - Once this lymphokine reaches the B cells it causes them to divide up rapidly  and produce antibodies. ( become plasma cells ) 
• - In the mean time, the T cells also activate the killer T cells also known as the cytotoxic cells that puncture the cell membrane of the pathogen and killing it.
• - Once the battle is won the suppressor T cells tell the immune response to calm down as well as some of these cells memorize the imprint for the pathogens in case they come back. 
• most b and T cells die after a few days 
• - Cytotoxic cells are the cells that attack a transplanted organ  because the organ has someone else’s antigens and must be repressed by the immunosuppressant drug to trick the body to accept it.

• - during the battle the memory B cells generate an imprint of the antigen for the specific pathogen. 
• memory B cells are not killed off and will initiate an immune response if those pathogens come back again