The heart

• - it transports gasses to the respiratory system, nutrients to digestive system and waste materials to the excretory system.
• - Regulates internal blood temperature snd transports hormones throughout the body.
• - Protects against blood loss and toxic substances introduced into the body.

• - Arteries.
• - veins 
• Capillaries

• - carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart.
• - Contains 30% of your blood  
• - They have thick and highly elastic walls with small inside circumference to increase the pressure and maintain blood flow.
• - arteries expand as blood flows through it during the contraction of ventricles and then snaps back during relaxation of ventricles( pulse) ( also known as the snapping motion ) 
• - contains the outer layer which has collagen, middle layer which is smooth muscle and inner layer containing endothelium cells.

• - Have thin and non elastic walls with a large inner circumference.
• - Contraction od surrounding muscles keeps the blood flowing towards the heart. 
• - the vein itself is not able to contract.
• - They have one way vales that present blood from flowing backwards.
• - 65% of your blood.
• Always needs to be moving to avoid blood close 
• - carries oxygen poor blood towars the heart

• - These are the smallest blood vessel.
• - The capillary wall is just a single layer of cells ( endothelial) ( through diffusion) 
• - diameter is large enought to allow red blood cells through
• - Blood flowing through the capillaries is the slowest to provide time for diffusion to and from cells regarding the absorption, transport and release of nutrients, gas or waste.
• - They separate veins and arteries.

• - this is the increasing of blood flow near the skin to release heat ( flushed face ) 
• -  this is when capillaries dilate or are wider to allow more nutrients to move through you body to help different systems such as digestive
• - this is the dilation of blood vessels

• - this is the decreasing of blood flow near the skin to help conserve heat ( numb fingers ) 
• Also known as thermogulation: heat and balance.
• Blood vessel constriction( smaller )

• - the pressure blood exerts on the vessel walls. 
• - systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

• - aspirin to prevent clots to begin with.
• - clot busting medicine such as urokainaise. 
• - Angloplastry- inserting a tube it to the clogged artery to remove plaque by increasing diameter.
• - Coronary by pass - a segment of an artery from any part of the body and is used to create a new path with an operation passing the clog before

• This is when arterial walls thicken, lose elasticity and make them become harder. 
• - the most common type being artheroscelrosiswhich in when plague (ldls) build up in arteries walls causing blood flow to decrease and high blood pressure which is caused by high cholesterol, smoking and obesity. 
• - depending on where the clot builds up atherosclerosis may lead to angina( chest pain) withe just a partial blockage
• - then heart attack with a fully artery blockage

Also known as high blood pressure can be caused bo obesity, alcohol use, increase of age etc THAT it can lead to heart attacks, strokes or kidney disease

• - sphygmomanometer measuring an artery specifically. 
• -With systolic pressure over diastolic pressure p. 
• normally being 120/ 80 mmhg

- the closing of the Av valves is the lub sound and the closing of the semilunar valves when the ventricles are relaxed is the dub

• - the lowest pressure before the ventricles contract again. 
•  - ventricles are relaxing and pressure in pulmonary arteries  and aorta drops

• - This is the maximum pressure during ventricular contractions. 
• - blood being forced into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

• - can measure the change in voltage created by the sa node. 
• - The p referents just before atrium contraction , QRS the large spike shows right before ventricle contraction and t shows after ventricles have stopped contraction and relax and wait for the next sa node. 
• - heart murmurs occurs if valves are not closed properly

• - then the signal from the sa node reaches the Ava node transporting through the bundle of his , bundle of branches and then to the Purkinje fibres which initiate almost simultaneous contraction of the right and left ventricle. 
• - there is no contraction taking place.

• - the electrical signal that occurs from the heart itself making it beat .
• - found in the right atrium.
• - stimulates the muscle cells to to contract and relax rhythmically such as the right and left atrium.

- dedicated to provide blood to the muscle tissues of the heart itself using the right and left coronary arteries

• - transport oxygen rich blood to deliver nutrients and remove wastes from the body 
•  - exists via the left ventricle and enters through the right atrium

• - transports oxygen poor blood to the alveoli in lungs for gas exchange and remove co2 .
• - exists via the right ventricle and come ack in through left atrium

• - this is where the left ventricle pumps blood through to get to all the tissues in the body. 
• - its the largest tissue

- This is oxygen rich blood entering the left atrium.

- this is where the right ventricles( oxygen poor) blood to the lungs for gas exchange

• - where oxygen poor blood enters into the atrium. 
•  - inferior Ben cave gets blood from the lower half of the body while the superior gets the topper half

• Pulmonary valve- separating the  right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries.
• -Aortic valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta. 
• - overall guards ventricle gates

• Tricuspid valve- separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. With 3 flaps of skin. 
• - Bicuspid ( mitral valve) valve- seprates the left atrium and the left ventricle. (2 flaps) 
• - overall separates the atrium from its ventricles

• - it has four valves. 
• - separated into the atriovencular valves and semilunar valves

- Accepts blood from the atrium  no pump it away from the heart.

• - waiting room for blood returning to the heart. 
• - the two top chambers

- they are two atriums and two ventricles separated by the septum which is a thick muscular wall. 

• - pump blood throughout the body. 
• - separate oxygen rich blood from oxygen poor. 
• - ensure blood flow only moves in one direction

• - the nervous system controls both constriction and dilation to either decrease or increase blood flow to specific body parts 
• Vasoconstriction and vasodilation.