DESIGN AND CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS

-is the variable that the researcher manipulates

-is the outcome variable that the researcher measures to determine whether manipulating the independent variable had an effect

- a level of the independent variable that is manipulated by the researcher in order to assess the effect on a dependent variable

- are variables that the researcher holds constant in an investigation

- is any variable other than the IV that may affect the DV

- has an unwanted effect on the DV

- held constant to prevent it from affecting the DV (things that stay the same)

• 1- Scores are compared between different participants
• BENEFITS: 
• There are no order effects – Participants only undertake the experiment in one condition
• LIMITATION: It assumes the groups are relatively similar on the range of extraneous variables that may affect the DV

• 2- Uses chance to determine how participants are assigned to groups
• BENEFIT:
• are able to compare specific people - gender, likes/dislikes, hair colour
• LIMITATION: 
• not possible when the experimenter is interested in the effect of a characteristic that defines different groups of people

• 3- A mix of both types of design is used, with both between subjects and within-subjects comparisons
• BENEFITS:
• Has a control group design
• LIMITATION: 
• More difficult to carry out and produces results that can be more difficult to analyse

- it has to be a specific experiment and not random: cannot be guessed/judged 

• - each participant is exposed to both the experimental condition and the control condition. Each participant has to repeat the experiment in order to collect data for both conditions
• BENEFIT: 
• Individual differences between people do not influence the results because each participant is compared to themselves
• LIMITATION: 
• As each participant has to participate in both conditions, they engage in thetesting procedure twice

1- Cccurs when participants' responses in the various conditions are affected by the order of conditions to which they were exposed

2- Order effect can overcome by counterbalancing- order of the conditions is split so not everybody completes the same conditions in the same order 

• 3- elements of both a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design
• BENEFITS: 
• allows the researcher to be more confident that any change they see between groups is due to the treatment itself
• LIMITATION: 
• More difficult to carry out and produces results that can be more difficult to analyse

1- methodology used to test a hypothesis in which the researcher systematically manipulates (changes) one or more variables to investigate what effect these manipulations have on another variable

2- is a non-experimental study where the researcher investigates relationships between variables. The researcher chooses two or more variables they wish to investigate. They then recruit a sample of participants and measure these variables in their sample

3- a relationship or association between two variables in a data set. It is a measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables

1- If two variables are correlated, there is a relationship between them, but this does not mean that changes in the value of one variable causes changes in the value of the other variable

• 2- 
• Positive: data slopes up diagonally
• Negative: data slopes downwards
• No correlation: scatterplots appear random

• 1- a detailed investigation of one instance of a broader phenomenon. A case study focuses on a particular person, activity, behaviour, event 
• ADVANTAGE: A case study can include the complexities that are encountered in the real world
• DISADVANTAGE: the information is specific to one particular case, so many of the details may be specific to that single case and may not apply to the wider population or to other situations of interest

• 2- 
• CLASS: is a scientific activity that seeks to systematically organise phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets
• IDEN: the process of recognising phenomena as belonging to particular sets or possibly being part of a new or unique set

3- involves observing and interacting with a selected environment beyond the classroom or lab. It is used when researchers want to capture human thoughts, feelings and behaviours in a natural setting

1- mathematical or physical representation (that is, a model) of a system of concepts, events or processes

2- the design or evaluation of a process, system or artefact to meet a human need

3- a report produced by reading scientific research on a particular area and writing a summary. They organise what is already known, and can be used to synthesise new ideas based on the current level of understanding

• Beneficence: acting with honesty and transparency
•  
• Integrity: giving due regard to individual difference and ensuring the right autonomy and choice 

Justice: having a commitment to do good (minimise risks + harms) 

Non-maleficence: avoiding harm or ensuring potential harm is outweighted by benefits 

Respect: ensuring fair distribution of benefits, risks, costs and resources

Confidentiality: ensuring privacy of participant's personal information 

Debriefing: after the experiment, disclosing the aims, results and conclusions, answering questions and providing support 

Informed consent procedures: ensuring participants understand the nature, purpose and risks of the study before agreeing to particpate 

Use of deception in research: concealing aspects of study (only used when necessary and must be accompanied by debriefing) 

Voluntary participation: ensuring there is no coercion or pressure to participate 

Withdrawal rights: allowing participants to discontinue involvement in an experiment, without penalty