• Differentiates women and men based on biological attributes;
• It is Universal. It is fixed and the same across cultures and time;
• It is a product of nature and assigned by birth
sex
Refer to socially coded behavior related to sex organs and procreation; designated roles of men and women because of sex/biology
Sex roles
• Refer to Roles, Attitude and Behaviors that society attributes to women and men
• It is concerned about femininity or masculinity
• It is acquired and learned. It may vary from country to country through time.
Gender
How do we acquire gender roles?
It is acquired and learned through long process of socialization.
What are the agents of socialization?
-Family
-School
-Media
-Peers
Developing and developed countries have faced this social issue, although to varying degrees. Women in developed countries still face social
hindrances owing to the gender – wage gap. Women also have fewer responsibilities and are given fewer rewards for their work.
The Gender Gap
Across many conservative communities in Saudi Arabia, women are still not allowed licenses and can only exercise the right to go out in public if accompanied by a chaperone.
Being Forbidden to Drive
Upon the pretext that women should not ‘flaunt their beauty,’ women in many conservative communities have to wear the complete body burqa, coupled with loose-fitting clothes when they are out in public as an interpretative exegesis of the Sharia Law.
Restrictions on Clothing
In some extreme cases, women are not allowed to leave the country without the consent of their husbands. Up until the age of 40, single
women are required to ask their fathers for permission.
Not being allowed to Travel
__________ is largely attributed to the poor education system and ineffective government legislation among rural communities. Consequently, Qandeel Balcoh was killed by her brother Waseem Ali in 2016 because she had supposedly brought dishonor upon her family because of how she expressed herself on social media.
Honor Killing
This problem is prevalent in Sub-Saharan African countries, Egypt, and other countries in South Asia due to lack of sex education and awareness. The practice stems from a fundamentalist cultural ideology still held by many traditional communities and is based on ensuring a girl’s fidelity before marriage.
Female Genital Mutilation
Unfortunately, this practice is rather prevalent among rural communities in India, Pakistan and China.
Female Infanticide
This form of gender discrimination is ubiquitous in many countries. From child custody and rape laws, this broad term encompasses many aspects where women are not given enough legal counsel.
Lack of Legal Rights
______________ is fundamental to the achievement of human rights and is an aspiration that benefits all of society, including girls and women.
Gender equality
Research has shown that ____________ can impact entire nations, as better-educated young women tend to earn more money, be healthier, have fewer children, be more politically active and emphasize health care and education for the next generation.
girls' education
In _________, enlistment qualifications became the same for men and women. While women were able to enlist, they were prohibited from direct combat roles or assignments.
1979
In _______, the Department of Defense officially banned women from serving in combat. Philippine military women are still a minority, and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) is taking more steps to ensure they will be free from harassment and violence.
1994
The latest available statistics on the Office of the Army Gender and Development website shows that the current percentage of women in the army is ____, both officers and enlisted personnel.
3.6%
Equal considerations in terms of the area or field of assignment are given to both men and women in the AFP. True or False?
