Muscles

Striated, tubular, many nuclei, contract voluntarily and usually attached to a bone

- non straited, one nucleus contract involuntary and found in the walls of internal organs

- straited, tubular, and branched, one nuclues contract involuntarily and found in the walls of the heart 

- muscles come in pairs and for every action the other muscle does the opposite reaction

- They lie along the length of bone and attached at both ends by a tendon

- contract to bend a joint, extensor relaxes

- This is a fascle of muscle fibres. With a layer of connective tissue wraps around each bundle. Blood vessels and nerves run between the bundles.

• - this is a long single muscle cell bound by a membrane called the sacromere.
• -  inside these fibres are myoglobin, scaroplasm, sacroplamic reticulum

• - This is an organized bundle of myofilaments thag are responsible for muscle contraction 
• - Causes the stripes due to the sacromere

• - two types known as thin filament and thick filament that each contain two specific proteins responsible for muscles contraction.
• - These proteins are myosin and Actin

- two types known as thin filament and thick filament that each contain two specific proteins responsible for muscles contraction.

• - These contain the Actin which are two strands 
• - 5mm diameter

- This contains myosin.

• - they are blocked by tropomyosin that does not allow muscle contraction. 
• - it is sitting on top of the actin.
• - this is with no calcium ions
• -

-  This is another protein that sits on top of the tropomyosin complex.

• - Ca ions come and bind to the tropomyosin and triponin complex and tell it to break away from the sacroplasmic reticulum.
• - the Ca 2 is then diffused into the myofibrils when a nerve impulse is signaled.
• - the Ca2 then return back to the sacroplams reticulum through active transportation

• - Aerobic cellular respiration.
• - Lactate fermentation
• - Crestline phosphate breakdown

• - This builds up when the muscle is resting.
• - generates atp using the following reaction of cretine phosphate + Adp = creatine atp 
• - this is the first way to get Atp and the fastest way as well.
• - only provides energy for about 8 seconds of intense activity

• - this is the overall source of the muscles atp.
• Reaction process = glucose + oxygen + Adp = carbon dioxide + water + Atp 
• -  has Myoglobin which is a muscles that stores more oxygen compared to hemoglobin which triggers the process of cellular respiration.
• -

• - This is also known as anaerobic fermentation.
• - This is Atp without consuming oxygen.
• - reaction process = glucose + Adp = lactate acid + Atp 
• - the build up of lactate acids can cause enzymes from functioning.
• - this results in oxygen deficiency because the oxygen has to bream down the lactic acid that is now in the body.
• - this happens at the same time withe aerobic respiration.

• - They are controlled by electric impulses from tne nervous system.
• - Then each muscle Fibre has a minimum voltage for it to contract.
• -

- This is known as a muscle twitch which is divided into 3 period known as latent, contraction and relaxation

• - slow twitch fibres 
• - fast twitch fibres

• - they contract slowly and use atp efficiently.
• - they have more endurance.
• - dark in color due to myoglobin. 
• - Needs Aerobic transportation

• - they burn atp fast ( rapid generation of power ) 
• - this can either be creatine or lactose fermentation but mostly anaerobically 
• - light in color because there is no myoglobin.
• - Rich in glycogen

- The body breaks down the muscles that are not being used and distributes the nutrients to different parts of the body.

- The induced increase in muscle mass. no new muscle fibres are created they just increase in size