science 30 chemistry flashcards

control group is the same, manipulated is where there is an independent variable that changes

the manipulated variable (in a controlled experiment only one independent variable exists)

the responding variable, whatever changes based on the outcome of the independent variable

metal and non metal, conductive, NaCl

non metal and non metal, not conductive

electrolytic, corrosive, turns blue litmus red, reacts with metals, tastes sour

electrolytic, corrosive, turns red litmus blue, feels slippery (diluted), no reaction with metals, tastes bitter

molecule or substance breaks apart into smaller units (ionization is a form of this)

they break them apart

acids form solutions containing hydrogen ions and bases contain the hydroxide ion

collision between hydronium ion and another molecule to cause a transfer of hydrogen (water is an acid and base). Acid is a hydrogen ion donor and base is a hydrogen ion acceptor. This is the one with conjugate acids and bases.

dissociate completely, lower pH. (around 0 to 1) they have lots of H+

dissociate partially, they have a higher pH. they have lots of OH

how much of an acid or base is dissolved in solution, they refer to the number of moles of the acid or base in a given volume

concentration: amount of substance in solution, measured in mol/L. Tells you how much of the original acid was dissolved in the solution. USE MATH

strength: depends on the amount of dissociation, it tells you the proportion of it which has reacted with water to produce ions. USE CHART

for pH look for digits BEHIND the decimal, for concentration use all your numbers/digits

a weak acid that changes colour as pH changes. They are amphiprotic (acid or base form b/c they are proton acceptors and donors). each indicator changes between 2 colors at a slightly different pH.

red cabbage juice, hydrangeas, urine

any compound that resists a change in the pH of a solution, they are amphiprotic. They are also weak acids, bases. Buffers are solutions in which the pH remains relatively constant when small amounts of base or acid are added. Ex. Blood is buffered by the bicarbonate ion. Buffers help maintain a neutral pH, because living systems are very sensitive to changes in pH.

→meat grains and dairy, you have an increased risk of kidney stones

→fruits and vegetables

• human blood has a pH of 7.4. Alkalosis - ph greater than 7.4
• acidosis - pH lower thn 7.4

when a sharp change to the pH of a sample being tested indicates that the acid or base is no longer being neutralized, this means that the buffering capacity has been exceeded. (look at titration curve)

• soil pH, very acidic soils have metals which are harmful to plants (aluminium, iron, manganese)
• pH of 6.5 allows plants to have access to essential nutrients (phophorus). Lime increases soil pH, calcium carbonate.

used to determine the quantity of acid or base in a sample, we must know the concentration of the solute. The reaction of a titration is a neutralization. The pH is determined by adding quantities of another solution until the end point is reached. Indicators are used to demonstrate the end point when a neutralization has occurred. A solution of unknown concentration is titrated with a solution of known concentration (THE STANDARD SOLUTION)

known concentration in burette (super long one with measurements), pipette (short stick 10mL) with an unknown concentration into erlenmeyer flash (triangle) and add indicator.

chemical reaction that occurs in the presence of oxygen and results in the release of energy. The products of combustion reaction of fuels are called emissions.

complete: enough oxygen to present to use all reactants, products are carbon dioxide and water

incomplete: insufficient oxygen present and carbon monoxide could be formed, poses a threat to health and is present in automobile emissions

burn fossil fuels, volcanoes, cellular respiration, decomposition

photosynthesis, geological processes

produced when there is not much oxygen during combustion.  O and CO are very similar molecules that compete for binding spots on hemoglobin. CO prevent O from binding and it decreases oxygen in your body.

sulfur is found in fuels such as coal, crude oil and sour gas. Anything with sulfur in it makes acid rain.

produced during combustion of fuels due to the large percentage of nitrogen gas, nitrogen makes up most of our atmosphere, if air is present then during a combustion there will be nitrogen oxides. (Also contribute to acid rain). Produced whenever fossil fuels are burned at high temperatures.

natural: hot springs, volcanic outgassing

human made: emissions from coal fired power plants, pulp and paper mills, automobiles, refining crude oils. refining oil sands, refining metals and smelting

• natural: forest fires
• human-made: emissions from fossil fuel power plants, industrial and domestic furnaces, production of fertilizers, refining oil sands, burning of crops, automobiles

break apart and rearrange with products with lower energy and release energy

whatever i'm burning it combines with oxygen. Carbon -> carbon oxide and sulfer -> sulfur oxides

acidic pollutants deposited from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface in wet and dry forms

used to specifically describe wet forms of acid pollution that can be found in rain, sleet, snow, fog, and cloud vapour

burning fossil fuels releases emissions and particulates into the atmosphere. They are gaseous products that remain in the atmosphere. Precipitate is solid product on the surface

natural causes: volcanic eruptions release vast amounts of sulfur dioxide which reacts with atmospheric water to produce acids. Microscopic soil bacteria and lightning convert N to nitrogen oxides which are converted to nitrous acid and nitric acid.

lowered pH in water systems affect sensitive aquatic plants and animal. Carbonate ions are a naturally occurring based in bodies of water and soil. These carbonate ions act as a buffer.

releases harmful metals such as cadmium, mercury, lead, arsenic, aluminium, and chromium which are highly toxic to fish, enters food chain and contributes to biological magnification.

acid rain and leaching have also affected plants and trees inhibiting there up take of nutrients at the roots and damage to leaves, leads to reduced growth rates and makes plants more vulnerable to disease, insects, droughts, and frosts.

toxic metals such as mercury and aluminium due to leaching end up in water supplies and fish, illness and allergies: increased concentration of sulphur dioxide and oxides.

corrosion of buildings, decreased productivity of agriculture and forestry, increased healthcare cost and decrease fish for food or sport

small particles of unburned material suspended in exhaust gas of burned coal

electric fields that collect fly ash from emissions, dry acid and particulate emissions are greatly reduced

scrubbers are used to remove one or more gases from a mixture of gases.

involves the use of a catalyst ex: catalytic converters are attached to the exhaust of automobiles to reduce the production of nitrogen oxides

neutral

a brownish haze over cities, produced by sunlight on the compounds present in automobile exhaust. Caused by burning of fossil fuels. Develops when primary pollutants interact under the influence of sunlight to produce a mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants.

comes from combustion, volcanoes, and lightning. the effect is yellow haze, asthma, suppress plant growth

comes from evaporation of solvents, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. The effect is eye and respiratory irritation, some carcinogenic, decrease visibility. there are more than 600 different VOC in our atmosphere.

the source is photolysis of nitrogen oxide. the effects are respiratory irritation, harms plants, damages plastics/rubber (car tires)

the source is nitrogen oxides reaction with VOCs. The effect is eye and respiratory irritation, toxic to plants

acidity, decreases availability of plant nutrients

less oxygen, more organic matter (dead stuff)

VOC - cancer, sulfer and nitrous oxides - cardiovascular illness, particulate matter and ozone - respiratory illness

oxygen levels are low when we exert ourselves, lactic acid is transported to liver ASAP and used to make glucose.

• -ane (single)
• -ene (double)
• -yne (triple)

same formula, different structures

refrigerants, aerosols, coolants, CFCs (destroy ozone)

solvents, fuel, disinfectant, depressant to nervous system

sour, ph less than 7, changes litmus paper to red

stinky, alcohol + carboxylic acid

remember to find the longest parent chain, dont forget any addresses, remember to write hydrogens, when u have incorrect names just redraw it, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, put halogens in alphabetical order, no 'e' if only 1 alcohol, don't forget to add water in esterification

carboxylic acids, double bond, side group (carbons, halogens, alcohols)