Respiration Flashcards

It's function is to ensure bloodoxygen is brought into your bodies cells and that waste carbon dioxide leaves the cells. It requires a moist enviroment and respiratory surface area to do its job.

Breathing is the first stage of respiration where gases enter and leave the body. There are two processes Inspiration (breathing in) and Expiration (breathing out).

It is the 2nd stage of respiration where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood (alveoli/blood). Happens in the alveoli.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bodies tissues and blood. 3rd stage(cell/blood).

It is the fourth stage of respiration where ATP releasing chemical reactions that take place inside the cell. It provides the energy for all cellular activities.

They are the first part of the respiratory where air enters. Air passes through the nasal cavity or the oral cavity. The nasal cavity is lined with cilliated (hairlike) cells, and cells that secrete mucous to warm, moisten and clean incoming air (this protects structures lower in the respiratory tract).

The pharynx is the passageway for air into the respiratory system and food/water into the digestive. An opening called the glottis is covered and opened by the epiglottis flap (made of cartilage). It keeps food and water out of the lungs (upright at rest).

Also called the voice box, it is a cartilage opening that transports air down, it contains thin elastic ligaments called the vocal cords that contract together to make noises. A larger larynx = bigger vocal cords = lower voice (male), smaller larynx = smaller vocal cords = higher pitched voice (female).

After the larynx air enters the trachea (windpipe), which connects the larynx to the lungs. It is supported by semicurcular bands of cartilage and lined with mucous and cillia cells to moisten and clean air.

The lung is divided into segments called lobes that are seperated by fissures (folds). The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 to compensate for the heart.

The lung is surrounded by a thin double layered membrane to protect it, called the pleural membrane. It connects the lungs to the thoracic (chest) cavity and it allows the lungs to expand and contract with the movement of the chest.

The trachea branches into two smaller passageways called bronchi that contain cartilage for support. Each bronchus divides into many smaller and finer tubes called the bronchioles that contain smooth muscle for constriction and dilation. Both bronchi and bronchioles are lined with cillia and mucous cells to capture and move foreign particles so they can be removed through coughing, sneezing or swallowing.

Each bronchiole ends in a cluster of tiny air sacs called alveoli where gas exchange actually occurs during external respiration. They contain a one cell thick membrane and several capillaries. CO2 and O2 are exchanged through diffusion.

Structures control air pressure inside and outside lungs. This pressure change moves air in and out (gases move high --> low pressure). These structures are the Diaphragm and Intercostal muscles.

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, which causes the ribs to move upward and chest cavity to expand downward and upward. This decreases the air pressure inside the cavity so air flows inward.

The intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax, this causes the rib cage to fall to normal and the diaphragm moves upward becoming a dome shape again. These movements cause the thoracic cavity volume to decrease, which causes pressure to rise, which causes air to flow out.

They do not use their full capacity until the body is in need of more oxygen. They also do not purposefully empty completely. A spirograph represents the amoun of eair that moves in and out of your lungs with each breath. Nigga

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement when the body is at rest.

The additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond a normal/tidal inhalation.

The additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond a normal/tidal exhalation.

Total lung volume capacity, the total volume of air that can be moved in or out of lungs. VT + IRV + ERV.

The amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways of the respiratory system even after full exhalation.

In the lungs gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries. Concentration gradient and facilitated diffusion helps gases diffuse through the one cell thick alveoli membrane. O2 in, CO2 out.

An infection of the tonsils. Tonsils are strucutres in the pharynx that prevent bacteria and foreign pathogens from entering the body. They can be removed if infections are common.

Bronchitis is when the bronchi become inflamed and filled with mucous, due to irritants. It can either be acute (short term) or chronic (long term). Asthma is always chronic, affects the bronchi and bronchioles, is constant and is sensitive to triggers. Inhalers can help reduce the effects.

A disease where the alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid.

A collapsed lung that occurs when air builds up in the space between the membranes of the pleura making it impossible for the lung to inflate. Caused by a leak in the lungs or chest wall dues to blunt force traume, fractures for thoracic cavity punctures.

It is a tumour of non-useful tissue caused by the rapid multiplication of cancer cells. The tumours take up respiratory surface are and are caused by carcinogens.

Gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In external respiration O2 level is high in the alveoli so it diffuses into the blood stream and CO2 level is low in capillaries so it diffuses out the blood stream.

A polypeptide with iron that binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. Red blood cells contain several hundred of these molecules.

It either combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin and is carried to the lungs for removal or with help from carbonic anhydrase it combines with H2O to form carbonic acid and then is broken up into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen in the lungs then they form water and carbon dioxide in lungs and are expelled.

The medulla oblongata is a part of the brain that has chemical receptors that detect changes in blood O2 and CO2. Either pH or CO2 is detected by chemoreceptors in the M.O. or O2 recpetors (cartoid and aortic) in heart detect. CO2 chemoreceptors send messages to diaphragm and ribs muscles to increase breathing movements which causes breathing rate to rise and CO2/pH to fall deactivating chemoreceptors.

It competes with O2 in hemoglobin's active site and CO is carried to cells instead of O2, O2 sensors try to increase breathing rate  but to no avail.

It is when alveoli overinflate and rupture, it leads to a drop in respiratory surface area which makes your breathing and heart rate higher and gas can get trapped in your lungs.