-
What are some other causes of lung cancer?
second-hand smoke, radon, and asbestos
-
What usually causes lung cancer?
Abnormal cells multiply and form malignant tumors that reduce the surface area available for gas exchange or block air from entering bronchioles.
-
What is the leading cause for cancer deaths in men and women in Canada?
Lung cancer.
-
What happens in an asthma attack?
The bronchi and the bronchioles swell and mucus production increases.
-
What does asthma cause?
Constant inflammation of the airways, and extreme sensitivity to triggers such as pollen, smoke, or air pollution which can cause an asthma attack.
-
What is pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax is a collapsed lung that occurs when air builds up in the space between the two membranes of the pleura, making it impossible for the lung to inflate.
-
What is the leading cause of death for people under 5 and senior citizens?
pneumonia.
-
What can cause pneumonia?
bacteria, virus, or fungi.
-
What is pneumonia (lower respiratory tract)
Pneumonia is a disease that occurs when the alveoli get inflamed and fill with fluid.
-
What is chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis is long term and caused by regular exposure to irritants and foreign substances. (Ex. smoking and air pollution)
-
What is acute bronchitis?
Acute bronchitis is short-term and is caused by bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics.
-
What do tonsils do?
They prevent bacteria and other foreign pathogens from entering the body, but can become infected due to a virus.
-
What is tonsillitis?
infection of the tonsils.
-
What makes oxygen move out of the alveoli and into the capillaries and what makes carbon dioxide move out of the capillaries and into the alveoli?
Difference in pressure. (concentration gradient.)
-
Explain external respiration.
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood.
-
What is residual volume (RV)?
The amount of gas that remains in our lungs and passageway of our respritory system when we have exhaled as much as we can.
-
what is vital capacity (VC)?
the total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of the lungs
-
What is expiratory reserve volume?
How much air our lungs can expell.
-
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air we can breathe in and keep inside our bodies.
-
What is the tidal volume (VT) in a spirograph?
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath when the body is at rest.
-
What does a spirograph represent?
it can measure the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath.
-
When can the volume of air being drawn into your lungs increase?
When your body needs more oxygen
-
during exhalation what happens to your thoracic cavity?
its volume decreases causing air to move outward due to there being more pressure inside and less outside the lungs.
-
during exhalation, what happens to the rib cage and the diaphragm?
The rib cage falls back into its normal position and the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards returning to its dome shape.
-
how does exhalation begin?
When the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax.
-
When one inhales, what does the diaphragm do?
it pulls downwards and flattens.
-
During inhalation, what happens to the rib cage?
The rib cage moves upwards and outwards
-
how does inhalation begin?
when the intercostal muscles and diaphragm flex.
-
What does difference in air pressure cause gases to do?
causes gases to move from higher pressure to lower pressure. (in/out of lungs.)
-
what structures control the air pressure inside and outside of the lungs?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
-
What do the cilia and mucus inside of the bronchi and the bronchioles do?
Capture and expel foreign particles by coughing, sneezing or swallowing.
-
How are CO2 and O2 exchanged?
diffussion
-
what does the alveoli contain?
a one cell thick cell membrane and a network of capillieries on top
-
What happenes in the alveoli?
Gas exchange takes place (External Respiration)
-
What does each bronchiole end in?
a cluster of tiny sacs called alveoli.
-
What do bronchioles contain that allows for constriction and dilation?
Smooth muscle.
-
What do the bronchi contain for support?
cartiledge
-
what does the trachea branch into?
Two passageways called bronchi.
-
What is the pleural membrane filled with?
fluid
-
What does the pleural membrane do?
connects lungs to the theorcic cavoty (helps breathing mechanics) and allows the lungs to expand and contrast with the movement of the chest withought friction.
-
What is each lung surrounded by?
thin double layered membrane called the pleural membrane.
-
Why does the left lung only have 2 lobes?
so it doesnt push down on the heart.
-
What is considered to be in the upper respiratory tract?
asal cavity, oral cavity, the pharnyx, the glottis, the larynx and the trachea.
-
What is considered to be in the lower respiratory tract?
The lungs and parts inside the lungs.
-
What is inside of the trachea similar to many other parts of the respiratory system?
It contains mucuos and ciliated cells which moisten and clean air as they enter the lungs.
-
What is the trachea strengthened and supported by?
semciurcular bands of cartilage whih prevent the tube from collapsing.
-
Where does air go after the larynx?
goes through the trachea.
-
What happens when someone has a smaller larynx?
they have smaller vocal cords meaning they have a higher pitched voice.
-
After the glottis, where does air pass to next?
larynx
-
what controls the glottis?
the epiglottis
-
What does the epiglottis prevent?
food or drink from entering the lungs.
-
What does mucus do for the respiratory system?
warms/moistens/cleans air.
-
Why is a moist environment important in respiration?
Because it helps gases dissolve which is essential for transport of gases like oxygen into the bloodstream.
-
What are the two main requirements for respiration?
a high respiratory surface area and a moist environment
-
what happens when carbonic acid/CO2 levels drop?
The chemoreceptors become in-active and do not send messages to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to breath faster.
-
What does the CO2 chemoreceptor do when there's an excess amount of CO2 or carbonic acid in the blood?
it sends a message to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase breathing movements because the more you breathe the more CO2 you expel resulting in a lower concentration of CO2
-
Along with a CO2 chemoreceptor, what else monitors CO2 levels in the medulla oblongata?
an acid chemoreceptor that monitors the amount of carbonic acid in the blood.
-
What do the chemoreceptors that control breathing in the medulla oblongata detect?
changes in blood O2 and CO2. (two types of chemoreceptors, one for CO2 and one for O2)
-
What do the chemoreceptors that control breathing in the medulla oblongata detect?
Changes in blood 02 and CO2 (two types of chemorecepters one for O2 one for CO2)
-
What is breathing controlled by?
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata.
-
Where are Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions turned into water and carbon dioxide? What happens to them after?
Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions get turned into water and CO2 in the lungs they are then exhaledd.
-
When carbonic acid is disassociated/ buffered by hemoglobin, what forms?
bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.
-
How is carbonic acid disassociated/buffered?
it is disassociated/buffered by hemoglobin.
-
how is carbonic acid in the body formed?
When carbon dioxide, with the help of carbonic anhydrase, combines with H20 to form carbonic acid.
-
Other than carbaminohemoglobin, what is another form in which CO2 can be transported in the blood.
carbonic acid (H2CO3)
-
When CO2 combines with hemoglobin, what does it form?
carbaminohemoglobin
-
When there is a high level carbon dioxide in the body's cells and a low level in the blood, where does the carbon dioxide go?
it leaves the body's cells and goes into the blood stream to combine with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
-
When oxygen levels are high in the blood and low in the body's cells, where does oxygen go?
into the tissues.
-
When red blood cells combine with oxygen, where do they take the oxygen?
into the cells so that they can be used in cellular respiration
-
When carbon dioxide levels are high in the blood, what happens to the carbon dioxide?
it leaves the blood and goes into the lung to be exhaled.
-
When oxygen levels are high in the lungs, what happens to the oxygen?
The oxygen leaves the lungs and combines with the red blood cells (more specifically with the heme on the hemoglobin molecule inside of the RBC)
-
What makes blood appear to be red? Why?
Oxygen makes blood appear red. This is because when oxygen is attached to hemoglobin, light bounces off and shows red.
-
In the hemoglobin molecule, what does oxygen bind to?
heme
-
What does the hemoglobin inside of red blood cells allow red blood cells to do?
transport oxygen as hemoglobin can bind to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
-
What do red blood cells contain?
several hundred hemoglobin molecules that transport oxygen.
-
What is hemoglobin?
A polypeptide (protein) with iron (R group) that binds to form oxyhemoglobin.
-
What does Dalton's law of partial pressure state?
That gases move from an area of high concentration/pressure to lower concentration/pressure
-
When are chemoreceptors activated?
When there is increased cellular respiration (CO2 build-up) or when someone goes to higher elevations (less O2)
-
what happens to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the lungs?
they are turned into carbon dioxide and water
-
what is the chemical formula for the disassociation of carbonic acid?
- H2Co3--> H+ + HCO3-
- (carbonic) (hydrogen) (bicarbonate)
|
|
