smoking carcinogens (cancer causing agents) (carcinogens can be found in many substances in cigarettes)
What happens in lung cancer?
Abnormal cells multiply and form malignant tumors that reduce the surface area available for gas exchange or block air from entering bronchioles.
What is the leading cause for cancer deaths in men and women in Canada?
Lung cancer.
What is lung cancer?
Lung cancer is the uncontrolled and invasive growth of abnormal cells in the lungs
How can asthma be managed?
using an inhaler which delivers medication deep into your lungs to reduce inflammation.
What happens in an asthma attack?
The bronchi and the bronchioles swell and mucus production increases.
What does asthma cause?
Constant inflammation of the airways, and extreme sensitivity to triggers such as pollen, smoke, or air pollution which can cause an asthma attack.
What is asthma?
Asthma is a chronic obstructive lung disease that affects the bronchi and the bronchioles, making breathing difficult or impossible.
What causes pneumothorax?
A leak in the lungs or a leak in the chest wall, resulting from blunt force trauma, rib fractures, or puncture of the thoracic cavity or lungs.
What is pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax is a collapsed lung that occurs when air builds up in the space between the two membranes of the pleura, making it impossible for the lung to inflate.
What is the leading cause of death for people under 5 and senior citizens?
pneumonia.
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
persistent cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fever.
What can cause pneumonia?
bacteria, virus, or fungi.
What is pneumonia (lower respiratory tract)
Pneumonia is a disease that occurs when the alveoli get inflamed and fill with fluid.
What is chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis is long term and caused by regular exposure to irritants and foreign substances. (Ex. smoking and air pollution)
What is acute bronchitis?
Acute bronchitis is short-term and is caused by bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics.
What does bronchitis do? (lower respiratory tract)
it causes the bronchi (left or right) to become inflamed and filled with mucus.
what does "itis" mean
Ailment/ sickness/ problem.
When are the tonsils removed?
if infection of them is frequent.
What do tonsils do?
They prevent bacteria and other foreign pathogens from entering the body, but can become infected due to a virus.
What is tonsillitis?
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils that are located in the pharynx.
Where does tonsillitis occur?
in the tonsils located in the pharynx. (upper respiratory tract)
What makes oxygen move out of the alveoli and into the capillaries and what makes carbon dioxide move out of the capillaries and into the alveoli?
the concentration gradient of each gas with the help of facilitated diffusion.
Explain external respiration.
External respiration takes place in the lungs, where gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.
What is residual volume (RV)?
the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways of the respiratory system even after a full exhalation.
what is vital capacity (VC)?
Vital capacity is the total lung volume capacity, the total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of the lungs. (VT + IRV + ERV)
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
the additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lung- beyond a tidal exhalation.
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
the additional volume of air that can be taken in that can be taken into the lungs- beyond a tidal inhalation.
What is tidal volume (VT) in a spirograph?
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath when the body is at rest.
What does a spirograph represent?
A spirograph can represent the amount of air that moves in and out the lungs with each breath.
When can the volume of air being drawn into your lungs increase?
When your body needs more oxygen.
True or false: under normal circumstances, your regular breathing uses the full capacity of your lungs.
False. under normal circumstances, your regular breathing does not use the full capacity of your lungs (breathing in doesn't fill the lungs completely and breathing out doesn't completely empty the lungs)
during exhalation, what happens to thoracic cavity volume?
it decreases, causing air to move back out because the air pressure outside of the lungs is less at this point.
during exhalation, what happens to the rib cage and the diaphragm?
the rib cage falls back to normal position and the diaphragm moves upwards, returning to its dome shape.
how does exhalation begin?
when the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax
due to the diaphragm pulling downward and the rib cage moving upward and outward, what happens to the volume in the thoracic cavity when inhaling?
the volume in the thoracic cavity increases which decreases the pressure inside the cavity and allows air to go inwards because the pressure in the lungs is now less than the pressure outside.
When one inhales, what does the diaphragm do?
the diaphragm pulls downwards and flattens.
During inhalation, what happens to the rib cage?
The rib cage moves upwards and outwards
how does inhalation begin?
inhalation begins when the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract/flex
What does difference in air pressure cause gases to do?
it causes gases to move in our out of the lungs. Gas moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure
what structures control the air pressure inside and outside of the lungs?
the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles (rib meat)
What do the cilia and mucus inside of the bronchi and the bronchioles do?
they capture and move foreign particles to be expelled by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing.
What is this picture representing?
external respiration. (alveoli/blood)
How are CO2 and O2 exchanged?
through diffusion (passive transport)
What does the alveoli contain?
a one cell thick membrane and a network of capillaries on top.
What happens in the alveoli?
the gas exchange process takes place (external respiration)
What does each bronchiole end in?
a cluster of tiny sacs called alveoli (singular: Alveolus)
True or false:
Bronchi and bronchioles are not lined with cilia or mucus
False
What do bronchioles contain that allows for constriction and dilation?
smooth muscle.
True or false:
Bronchi divide many times into smaller and finer tubes called bronchioles.
True
What do the bronchi contain for support?
cartilage.
what is the singular for bronchi?
the bronchus.
what does the trachea branch into?
two smaller passageways called bronchi.
What is the pleural membrane filled with?
fluid.
What is another way to think about the pleural membrane?
it is an "air" (fluid bag) around the lungs.
What does the pleural membrane do?
it connects the lungs to the thoracic (chest) cavity (which helps with breathing mechanics) which in turns allows the lungs to expand and contract with the movement of the chest without friction.
What is each lung surrounded by?
each lung is surrounded by a thin, double layered membrane called the pleural membrane
Why does the left lung only have 2 lobes?
to compensate for the space the heart takes up.
What are the lobes in the lung separated by?
fissures (folds)
Each lung is divided into smaller sections called_______
lobes
How many lobes does the right lung have? What are the names of these lobes starting from the top lobe to the bottom lobe?
The right lung has 3 lobes. These include the superior lobe, the middle lobe, and the inferior lobe.
How many lobes does the left lung have? What are the names of these lobes starting from the top lobe to the bottom lobe?
The left lung has two lobes. These include the superior lobe and then the inferior lobe.
What is considered to be in the upper respiratory tract?
the nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the pharynx, the glottis, the larynx, and trachea.
What is considered to be in the lower respiratory tract?
the lung and the parts inside of the lung.
What is inside of the trachea similar to many other parts of the respiratory system?
mucus and cilia cells which moisten and clean air as it enters the lungs.
What is the trachea strengthened and supported by?
semicircular bands of cartilage which prevent the tube from collapsing
Where does air go after the larynx?
it goes through a flexible tube called the trachea (windpipe)
What happens when someone has a smaller larynx?
it means they have shorter vocal chords, meaning that they have a higher pitched voice. (usually in females)
What dictates the size of the "Adams apple"
the amount of cartilage in the ____ (not sure) (teacher did not specify)
If someone has a larger larynx, what does that mean?
It means that their vocal chords are longer, causing them to have a deeper voice (this is the case oftentimes in men)
What happens in the larynx when speaking?
the muscles around the larynx contract and the vocal chords are brought together. As air passes through this narrower space, it causes the chords to vibrate and make sounds (your voice)
True or false:
when breathing, normally there is a large gap between the vocal chords.
True
what is the larynx (voice box) made up of?
cartilage and thin elastic ligaments called your vocal chords.
After the glottis, where does air pass to next?
the larynx (voicebox)
When the epiglottis is at rest, it is ________________________
upright in order to allow air to pass into the lower respiratory tract with no obstructions.
What does the epiglottis prevent?
food or drink from entering the lungs.
what controls the glottis?
the epiglottis (a flap of cartilage)
After the pharynx, where does air then travel?
an opening called the glottis
What is the pharynx?
The pharynx is the passageway for air into the respiratory system and is also the opening for food and water into the digestive system.
what are the differences between the nose and the mouth when it comes to breathing?
the nose breathes slowly, filters air, and warms air while the mouth breathes fast, does not have as many filters, and does not really warm air which can lead to irritation of the lungs and potentially pneumonia.
What does mucus do for the respiratory system?
it warms, moistens, and cleans incoming air (to protect the structures in the lower respiratory tract)
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
ciliated (hair like) cells, and cells that secrete mucus.
How does air start its journey into the respiratory system?
by passing through the nasal cavity (nostrils) or the oral cavity (mouth) (usually when breathing is more rapid)
List the body parts:
1: Nasal cavity
2: nostrils
3: mouth
4: larynx
5: trachea
6: right lung
7: right bronchus
8: diaphragm
9: pharynx
10: left lung
11: rib
12: left bronchus
13/14: intercostal muscles
List the processes the take place in respiration from first to last.
cellular respiration is a series of ATP releasing chemical reactions that take place inside of cells. This is the final stage of respiration that provides the energy for all cellular activities.
What is internal respiration?
the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the blood and the body's tissue cells.
What is external respiration?
external respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood. This occurs in the alveoli.
What two processes does breathing involve?
inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (breathing out)
True or false:
the processes of oxygen entering cells and carbon dioxide leaving cells of the body is not happening at the same time.
false
is the act of carbon dioxide leaving cells in the body considered to be a form of passive or active transport?
passive transport.
is the act of oxygen entering the cells in the body considered to be a form of active transport or passive transport?
passive transport.
Why is having a high respiratory surface area important when it comes to respiration?
having a high respiratory surface area increases the chances for diffusion of essential gas molecules into the body.
Why is a moist environment important in respiration?
Because it helps gases dissolve which is essential for transport of gases like oxygen into the bloodstream.
What are the two main requirements for respiration?
a high respiratory surface area and a moist environment
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
to ensure that oxygen is brought to each cell in the body and that carbon dioxide leaves each cell and is removed from the body.
What is this picture representing?