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What are three types of diversity within the subject of Cultural Diversity Amount U.S. Parents
- ethnic/racial group membership
- immigrant status
- religious beliefs
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Which are the minority groups discussed?
Latino Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Multiracial Parents and Immigrants
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How is religion described
an aspect of many families lives that provides a cultural context, with its values and beliefs, traditions and rituals
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The population of the United States is
- the third most populous country in the world
- 329 people
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non-Americans began with landing of the Mayflower...
in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620
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Slaves from Africa began arriving
- by 1697, slaves comprised 20% of the population of New York
- by 1800 slaves made up almost 79% of the population of South Carolina and 40% of the population of Virginia
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by the 1800s mostly European immigrants began arriving in New York.
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By 1910 28% of all children in the United States lived in immigrant families
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Currently 76.6% of the U.S. population is classified as white and the top 10 countries of origin are
Germany, Ireland, England, Italy, Poland, France, Scotland, Norway, Holland, and Sweden
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Population by Hispanic/Latino or White Origin in US
- 63.7% are White Alone
- 16.3% are Hispanic or Latino Whites
- 83.7% are Not Hispanic or Latino Whites
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Population by Race in US, 2018
White 72.4, Black 12.6, Some other race 6.2, Asian 4.8, Two or More Races 2.9, American Indian .9, Native Hawaiian .2,
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Deficit Model
Minority parents were viewed as deficient in parenting when compared to white, middle-class parents.
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More recent research looks at why differences
- may be adaptive for their particular culture
- ways are resilient in teh face of a number of hardships
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acculuration
the process by whereby an individual is socialized to the cultural norms (values, attitudes, and behaviors) of the majority society.
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The more acculturated minority parents become, teh more their
child-bearing beliefs mirror those of the majority society
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Acculturation does not happen quickly,
it is a multi-generational process that is also multidimensional and dynamic
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Some aspects of cultural heritage are retained while other
dimensions undergo change
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The degree that an individual has acculturated into the majority culture, is now recognized to be linked to mental health in complex ways
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enculturation
used to describe the degree to which an individual is socialized to maintain the norms of one's heritage culture. This includes values, ideas and traditional practices.
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acculturation and enculturation consist of these multiple components
language, behavior, clothing, ethnic identity, personality, attitudes, and ethnic cultural knowledge.
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The extent to which acculturation and enculturation is valued vary across minority gorups
- enculturation is more important to African Americans
- acculturation is valued more by Asian Americans
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Ethnic and minority families experience life differently than do families in the majority. They endure racism, prejudice, and discrimination which leads to
continued economic deprivation, geographic isolation, and stress
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Today racism and prejudice views are more often expressed as microaggressions defined as:
brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral, or enviormental indignities, whehter intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color.
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Six types of microaggressions
Assumption of identity, Second Class Citizen & Assumption of Criminality, Microinvalidations, Exoticizations/Assumptoins of Similarity, Environmental Microaggressions, Workplace or School Microaggressions
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Latinos and Hispanics ar Americans who are descended form Spain or Latin America (Central or South America) They constitute the largest and most diverse minority gourp in the US
- 2018, 18% of the nations population (58 million people) is classified as Latino.
- Latino persons of latin origin (Carribean, Central America, or South America)
- Hispanic persons with historic link to Spain, such as Protugal and Iberia
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65% of Latinos in the US wer born in the country
Mexican Americans form the largest (63% of Latinos or 36 million) and most widely studied Latino group.
The second largest are Puerto Ricans (9% or 5.4 millino), followed by Salvadorians, Cubans, Dominicans, Guatemalans, and Columbians
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foreign-born Latinos were less likely to spank their young children than U.S. born Latino parents
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One of the most commonly reported parenting qualities of Latino parents is how their values differ from majority culture parents: Two values: Respeto - respect for authority, Familism - are more likely to be responsive and closely monitor their children and demanding of what they expect form their children's behavior
Familiasm a value that promotes famliy interactions nad support can be a source of resilience in families by protecting against depressoin and moderating the effect of parental conflict
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Two other values studied in Latino parents: machismo and educacion. Machismo is valuing manliness, assertiveness, power and self-reliance. fathers tend to be authoritarian and use physical punishment. educacion - traditional education and morality repsonsibiltiy and interpersonal relationships
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Due to heterogeneity of Latinos, there is inconsistent evidence about the extent of which they engage in particular parenting practices.
Some studies show them as permissions and others harsh discipliarians
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2004 Varela found that all parents reported using authoritative practices
2019 52% authoritative
24% no nonense, high on acceptance, demandingness and harsh discipline.
14% rejecting/neglecting
10% authoriatian
Child rearing tailored to capture their culture and values
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Multiracial marriages were illegal in 16 states. 1967 did Supreme court strike down all "anti-miscengenation" laws.
Interracial marriages were rare comprising of less than 1% of marriages
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multiracial - An individual having a background that includes two or more races
interracial - involving different races, such as marriage or adoption
interethnic - between Latinos and non-Latinos
Intermarriage -marrying out - marrying an individual from a different racial/ethnic or religious group
Intramarriage - marrying in - marriages between individuals of the same race or ethnicity
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Multiracial report the highest rate of drug use of any ethnic group
More than 17% of multiracial people report they engaged in illicit drug us, compared to 10.5% of blacks, 9.5% of whites and 3.1% of Asians 2014
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Immigrant - an individual who lives permanently in a foreign country
second-generation immigrant - refers to someone who was born in the new country to at least one foreign-born parent.
43.2 million 13.4% of nations population are immigrants
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refugees - seek a safe haven from persecution due to race, nationality, political opinion, religion, or group membership
Since 1983 3 million refugees have settled in US
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Most children - 79% - living with immigrant parents were born in the US
24% of them have at least one parent who was also born here.
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childern are often language brokers and act as translators or intermediaries
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parentification - when a role reversal occurs and the child is put in the role of an adult, such as when a child is assigned to care for younger sibling or a child becomes an emotional confidante of a parent
more risk of experiencing depressive symptoms (2017)
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Latino immigrant parents who feel connected as both Latino and Americans, report engaging in warmer parent-child reltaions and fewer aversive interactoins
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parent-child acculturation gap results in family problems but have a deleterious effect on children's mental health. When there is a wide gap, parents are less warm, less likely to monitor or to reason with their adolescents.
Children feel unsupported and alienated from them. risk adjustment problems such as depression and academic problems
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13% native born live in poverty versus 15% foreign born
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Chinese immigrants value promoting physical closeness, family relatedness and interdepedence while de-emphasizing a child's individuality and uniqueness.
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84% religious worldwide
US
70 christians
22.8 non
1.9 Judiasm
2.3 are adherents of Islam, buddhism, or Hinduism
95% mrried couples report a religious affliation
90% want their childer to have some religious trainig
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World relations
Christianity, Judisam and Islam share emphasis on the family and encourage parents to devote time and attention to children.
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Muslim women may work outside the home as long as it does not interfere with her important mission to be a mother and a wife.
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At their core religions are concerned with what is to be valued in life
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Religious people shared the values of kindness, tradition, and conformity, while they disdained hedonism
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63 societies were more likely to value tradition, obedience, respect for authority and religious faith
rather than independence and self-determination
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Puritans believed children were born with original sin and were instructed to break the will of children to socialize them into faithful adults
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Confucianism and Islam children were inherently good, and they emphasize the role that parents play in children's development
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African, South Asian and Native North American believe children are reincarnations of ancestral spirits
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Latin America, Caribbean countries, Northern Africa, Europe and South Asia, reveals parental assumptoins about spiritual vulnerability of children.
Some parents believe the curse of an evil eye if you admire an infant with direct and extended look or lavish with praise and compliments.
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Religious is a positive influence
encourages parental involvement and investment in children
cultivates prosocial behavior, self-control, resistance to antisocial behavior, respect for authority figures and connectedness to others
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Religious parents tend to more likely be authoritative parents through exhibiting warmth, use of reasoning and positive reinforcement and use of consistent discipline
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Religious parents are more likely to enjoy positive relations with their children thand do less religious prents
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Old testament five proverbs encouraging physical punishment
New testament rejects physical punishment
Conservative christians have more positive attitudes and frequent use of physical punishment than other Christians
Conservative Protestants were 2x as likely to use physical
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Christian and Muslim shared harsher discipline
African believe divine gifts and will be punished if cruel
Christian mothers had the most restrictive and punitive attitudes of Christian, Muslim and Hindu
Hindu has the least
Christian are warmer and more protective than Muslims
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maladaptive influences from religtion
distance from unmarried fathers, being too overbearing, controlling or intrusive, adopting an authoritarian parenting style, denying or ignoring problems and alienating a child due to religious teachings about divorce or homosexuality
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