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Community Psychology - Types of prevention - Primary Prevention
aimed at reducing the prevalence of mental and physical disorders by decreasing the incidents of new cases. Primary prevention is accomplished by making a program or other strategy that promotes mental or physical health available to all members of an identified group or population.
Examples include immunization programs, prenatal nutrition programs for low-SES mothers, Meals on Wheels, and public education programs on drug and alcohol abuse.
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Community Psychology - Types of prevention - Secondary Preventions
attempts to decrease the prevalence of mental and physical disorders by reducing their duration through early detection and intervention. Involves identifying specific individuals and providing them with appropriate treatments.
Using screening tests to identify entering first-graders with reading disabilities so that they can be provided with an educational intervention is an example.
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Community Psychology - Types of prevention - Tertiary Preventions
designed to reduce the duration and consequence of mental and physical disorders.
Rehabilitation programs, programs that provide alternatives to hospitalization (e.g., halfway houses), and education programs designed to improve community attitudes toward former mental patients are tertiary preventions.
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Community Psychology - Techniques - What are the two primary goals of education?
reduce the incidents of health problems by increasing preventative activities
improve the care of the ill by educating the public about the nature of their disorders and treatment
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Community Psychology - Techniques - preventative health care - The health belief model proposes that health behaviors are influenced by what 3 factors?
the person's readiness to take a particular action, which depends on their perceived susceptibility to the illness and perceived severity of its consequence
The person's evaluation of the benefits and costs of making a particular response
The internal and external "cues to action" that trigger the response such as the health of friends and family members, advice from others, and mass media campaigns.
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Community Psychology - Techniques - preventative health care - What is an implication of the health belief model?
Health behaviors can be modified by targeting people's knowledge and/or motivation to act
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Community Psychology - Techniques - preventative health care - The Health Locus of Control Model proposes what?
Health related behaviors reflect locus of control beliefs
People may believe that they have the ability to control their health or, alternatively, that health depends on luck or other uncontrollable factors.
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Community Psychology - Techniques - preventative health care - What is an implication of the Health Locus of Control Model?
Practitioners can enhance a patient's health behaviors by promoting the patient's sense of personal responsibility and control.
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Consultation - Stages of consultation - Entry
The initial phase of consultation includes identifying consultee needs, contracting, and physically and psychologically entering the system.
Resistance is most common in this phase and can be healthy or un healthy
resistance can be reduced by publicly clarifying the nature of the service and by establishing a strong collaborative relationship at the onset.
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Consultation - Stages of consultation - Diagnosis
The second stage entails gathering information, defining the problem, setting goals, and generating possible interventions.
data collection generally include reviewing documents and records, administering questionnaires and surveys, conducting interviews, and direct observation.
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Consultation - Stages of consultation - Implementation
The third stage consists of choosing an intervention, formulating a plan, and implementing the plan
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Consultation - Stages of consultation - disengagement
The final stage includes evaluating the consultation, planning, post-consultation matter, reducing involvement and follow-up, and termination.
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Consultation - Mental Health Consultation - What are the three entities or individuals always involved?
consultant
consultee
client or program
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Consultation - Mental Health Consultation - Client-Centered Case Consultation
Involves working with the consultee (e.g., teacher or therapist) to develop a plan that will enable the consultee to work more effectively with a particular client (e.g., student or patient). The consultant acts as the expert and provides the consultee with relevant information.
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Consultation - Mental Health Consultation - Consultee-Centered Case Consultation
the goal is to enhance the consultee's performance in delivering services to a particular population or group of clients. The focus is on the consultee's skills, knowledge, abilities, and/or objectivity.
A lack of objectivity can stem from several factors including theme interference, a type of transference that occurs when a past unresolved conflict related to a particular type of client or circumstance is evoked by and interferes with the current situation
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Consultation - Mental Health Consultation - Program-Centered Administrative Consultation
Involves working with one or more administrators (the consultee) to resolve problems related to an existing program.
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Consultation - Mental Health Consultation - Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation
The goal is to help administrative-level personnel improve their professional functioning so they can be more effective in the future with regard to program development, implementation, and evaluation.
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Prevention programs are often classified in terms of three types: _________ preventions emphasize early detection and intervention and target specific individuals, while _________ preventions make an intervention available to all members of a particular group or population. In contrast, __________ prevention programs are aimed at reducing the duration and consequences of a mental disorder.
Secondary
Primary
Tertiary
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According to the _________ model, health-related behaviors are related to a person's perceptions about their susceptibility to illness and the severity of its consequences and an evaluation of the costs and benefits of making a particular response
Health-Belief
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Consultation ordinarily involves four stages: entry, __________, implementation, and disengagement.
Diagnosis
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Caplan distinguishes between four types of mental health consultation: ___________ consultation involves working with the consultee so that they can or more effectively with a particular client. ___________ consultation targets the consultee's skills, knowledge, or objectivity so that the consultee can be more successful in dealing with a particular population or group of clients. Objectivity can be limited, for example, by __________ interference, which is a type of transference.
Client-Centered Case
Consultee-Centered Case
Theme
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_____________ consultation involves working with one or more administrators to resolve problems related to an existing program, while __________ consultation helps administrators improve their professional functioning with regard to program development and implementation
Program-centered administrative
Consultee-centered administrative
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_________ is occurring in clinical supervision when a psychological intern replicated problems and symptoms with a supervisor that are being manifested by the intern's client.
parallel process
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As described by Gerald Caplan, "theme interference" is:
A.a barrier to primary prevention.
B.a type of transference.
C.a contributor to family dysfunction.
D.a hindrance to positive health behavior.
B
Caplan described theme interference as a type of transference that occurs when a past unresolved conflict related to a particular type of client or situation interferes with a consultant's ability to remain objective in a current situation.
Answer A: The concept of theme interference is completely unrelated to prevention strategies.
Answer C: The concept of theme interference is related to mental health consultation. It has no relation to family dynamics.
Answer D: Theme interference does not pose a barrier to positive health behavior.
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The Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974) emphasizes the individual's:
A.locus of control.
B.level of "hardiness."
C.tendency toward optimistic thinking.
D.readiness to take action.
D
Becker's (1974) Health Belief Model identifies several factors that influence a person's health-related behaviors. The individual's readiness to take a particular action is one of the factors identified by the Health Belief Model and is affected by the person's perceived susceptibility to an illness and perceived severity of that illness. The other factors addressed by the Health Belief Model are described in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
Answer A: Locus of control is the focus of the Health Locus of Control Model.
Answer B: Hardiness has been identified as a personality characteristic that is associated with a lower susceptibility to illness and is not part of the Health Belief Model.
Answer C: Optimistic thinking is not one of the elements of the Health Belief Model.
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A prevention program involves identifying children who exhibit early signs of emotional disturbance so they can be provided with special assistance from teacher's aides and other paraprofessionals. This is an example of:
A.primary prevention.
B.secondary prevention.
C.tertiary prevention.
D.developmental intervention.
B
Secondary preventions entail the early identification of at-risk individuals who have not yet developed a full-blown disturbance and providing them with an appropriate intervention.
Answer A: Primary preventions are aimed at reducing the development and incidence of mental disorders.
Answer C: Tertiary preventions are aimed at individuals who have already developed a disorder. Their goal is to reduce the risk for chronicity and relapse and any other problems related to the disorder.
Answer D: This is an invented term.
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Which of the following is an example of consultee-centered case consultation?
A.Helping a teacher recognize the early signs of drug abuse in high school students
B.Helping a therapist develop a treatment plan for a client with a disorder the therapist is unfamiliar with
C.Helping company managers identify methods for improving their ability to design effective employee training programs
D.Helping a school administrator identify ways to improve the effectiveness of a current teacher training program
A
In consultee-centered case consultation, the focus is on the skills, knowledge, and objectivity of the consultee, and the goal is to improve the consultee's functioning so that he/she can work more effectively with members of a target group or population in the future.
Answer B: This is an example of client-centered case consultation.
Answer C: This is an example of consultee-centered administrative consultation.
Answer D: This is an example of program-centered administrative consultation.
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A psychology intern responds to her supervisor in the same way that a new client is responding to her (the intern) in therapy. This is referred to as:
A.projective identification.
B.the therapeutic double-bind.
C.diagnostic overshadowing.
D.parallel process.
D
Parallel process involves a combination of transference, countertransference, and projection in the client-supervisee-supervisor relationship and occurs when a supervisee (e.g., intern) replicates problems in the supervisor-supervisee relationship that are occurring in the supervisee-client relationship.
Answer A: Object relations family therapists hold that projective identification occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member.
Answer B: Therapeutic double-binds are a paradoxical technique used by systemic family therapists.
Answer C: Diagnostic overshadowing occurs when the salience of one disorder or condition "overshadows" diagnostic consideration or recognition of another disorder.
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A program designed to improve the interpersonal skills of residents of a retirement community would be classified as a "primary prevention" when it is offered:
A.to residents who have been identified by staff as being socially isolated.
B.to residents who are currently being treated for depression.
C.to residents who obtain low scores on a measure of interpersonal functioning.
D.to all residents who want to participate.
D
Primary preventions are designed to intervene before a problem occurs and are offered to all members of a group or population. When a program is offered to all members of a group or population rather than to specific individuals (e.g., to all residents of a retirement community), it is a primary prevention.
Answer A: When a program or treatment is provided to specific individuals who have been identified as being at-risk (i.e., as already exhibiting signs of the problem), it is classified as a secondary prevention.
Answer B: A program for individuals who are being treated for depression would be a tertiary prevention. The goal of tertiary preventions is to reduce the long-term consequences of an existing problem.
Answer C: Offering the program to individuals who have been identified as at-risk by low scores on a measure of interpersonal functioning is an example of secondary prevention.
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