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joint:
- A point of contact between:
- 1. Two bones
- 2. Bone and cartilage
- 3. Bone and teeth
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articulation:
Another name for a joint
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arthrology:
The scientific study of joints
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kinesiology:
The study of the motion of the human body.
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What are the functions of joints?
- 1. Secure bones together
- 2. Allow for some degree of movement
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What determines the "fit" of a joint?
- 1. Shape of articulating bones
- 2. Flexibility of joint ligaments
- 3. Tension of associated ligaments and muscles
- 4. Hormones
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relaxin:
Hormone released toward the end of pregnancy that allows the pubic symphysis to become more flexible.
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What joint characteristics does the "fit" of a joint impact?
- 1. Stability-
- 2. Flexibility-
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What is the relationship between the fit of a joint and the flexibility and stability of the joint?
- Closer fit = less flexible and more stable
- Looser fit = more flexible and less stable
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How are joints classified?
- 1. Structurally-
- 2. Functionally-
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What structural criteria are used to classify joints?
- 1. Presence/Absence of a synovial cavity
- 2. Type of CT that binds the joint together
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synovial cavity:
- The space between the articulating bones of a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid.
- This space allows these joints to be freely moveable.
- Also called a joint cavity.
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What types of CT bind joints together?
- 1. Dense Irregular CT-
- 2. Cartilage-
- 3. Areolar CT-
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Name the structural classifications for joints.
- 1. Fibrous Joints-
- 2. Cartilaginous Joints-
- 3. Synovial Joints-
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fibrous joint:
- 1. Connected by Dense Irregular CT
- 2. Synarthrotic/Amphiarthrotic (no joint cavity)
- 3. E.g.-Sutures, Syndesmoses, Interosseus Membranes
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cartilaginous joint:
- 1. Connected by cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage)
- 2. Synarthrotic/Amphiarthrotic (no joint cavity)
- 3. E.g., Synchondroses, Symphyses
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synovial joint:
- 1.Dense Irregular CT forms an articular capsule
- 2. Diarthrotic (yes joint cavity)
- 3. E.g.-Ball & Socket, Condyloid
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What functional criteria are used to classify joints?
Degree of movement permitted by the joint.
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Name the functional classifications for joints.
- 1. Synarthrosis-
- 2. Amphiarthrosis-
- 3. Diarthrosis-
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synarthrosis:
- 1. Immovable joints
- 2. Can be fibrous or cartilaginous
- 3. E.g.-Sutures, Gomphoses,
- pl. = synarthroses
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amphiarthrosis:
- 1. Slightly moveable joints
- 2. Connected by band/ligament of fibrous CT or fibrocartilage
- 3. E.g.-Syndesmosis, Symphyses
- pl. = amphiarthroses
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diarthrosis:
- 1. Freely movable joints (with a joint cavity)
- 2. Connected by dense irregular CT that forms an articular capsule (synovial joint)
- 3. E.g.-Ball & Socket joints, Saddle
- pl. = diarthroses
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Name the types of fibrous joints.
- 1. Sutures-
- 2. Syndesmoses-
- 3. Interosseous Membranes-
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suture:
- 1. Synarthrotic/Amphiarthrotic
- 2. Fibrous joint
- 3. Connected by dense irregular CT
- 4. Have irregular, interlocking margins
- 5. E.g.-Only occur between the bones of the skull
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synostosis:
- Sutures that are present during growth of the skull, but are replaced by bone in the adult.
- E.g.-Frontal bone grows in halves that join together across a suture line and usually completely fuse by age 6; joint between manubrium and 1st rib
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syndesmosis:
- 1.Amphiarthrotic
- 2. Fibrous joint
- 3. Connected by dense irregular/regular CT that is typically arranged in a bundle (i.e. ligament)
- 4. A greater distance between the articulating surfaces
- 5. E.g.-Distal tibiofibular joint, gomphosis
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syndesmo-
band or ligament
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gomphosis:
- 1.Synarthrotic
- 2. Fibrous joint (type of syndesmosis)
- 3. Connected by band/ligament
- 4. Cone-shaped peg fits into a socket.
- 5. E.g.-Dentoalveolar joints (teeth)
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interosseous membrane:
- 1.Amphiarthrotic
- 2. Fibrous joint
- 3. Connected by dense irregular CT
- 4. A substantial sheet of CT that binds neighboring long bones
- 5. E.g.-Between diaphysis of tibia/fibula, radius/ulnar
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Name the types of Cartilaginous joints.
- 1. Synchondroses-
- 2. Symphyses-
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synchondrosis:
- 1. Synarthrotic
- 2. Cartilaginous joint
- 3. Connected by hyaline cartilage.
- 4. ?
- E.g.-Epiphyseal plate, joint between manubrium and first rib
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symphysis:
- 1. Amphiarthrotic
- 2. Cartilaginous joint
- 3. Connected with hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
- 4. Hyaline cartilage covers bone ends, but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.
- 5. E.g.-Symphysis pubis, a portion of intervertebral discs, joint between manubrium and body of
- All symphyses occur at the midline of the body.
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