traces structural changes occurring in the body throughout the entire lifetime
Embryology
the study of developmental changes of the body before birth
Pathological anatomy
the study of structural changes caused by disease
A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (autopsy)
Radiographic anatomy
the study of internal structures visualized by X ray studies and other imaging techniques
Functional morphology
explores functional properties of body structures and assesses efficiency of design
Atoms are...
the building blocks of matter
Atoms combine...
to form molecules (small and large)
What are the four classes of macromolecules found in the body?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids/fats, and nucleic acids
Proteins
most diverse, molecular workhorses of the cell, transport functions, speeding up chemical reactions, protection
Carbohydrates
typically sugars; glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose
Lipids/fats
energy storage, cushioning or protecting
Nucleic acids
DNA/RNA, store information
True or False: there is nothing smaller than a cell that you can consider living
True
How many cells make up the human body?
100 trillion
Cells are...
The building blocks of life
What is a tissue?
a tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a common function
How many different kinds of cells come together to make up that 100 trillion?
210 different kinds of cells
What are the four tissue types that make up all of the organs of the human body?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces and lines its cavities
Connective tissue
supports body and protects its organs
Muscle tissue
provides movement
Nervous tissue
communication
What is an organ?
a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Most organs contain...
all four tissues
What is an organ system?
organs working together for a common purpose
Integumentary system
skin, hair, nails
Skeletal system
bones, joints
Muscular system
skeletal muscles
Lymphatic system/immunity
red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
the result of all simpler levels working in unison
The basic unit of length
meter (m)
The basic unit of weight
gram (g)
The basic unit of volume
liter (L)
Anatomical Position
in the anatomical position the human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward (toward observer), and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.
Directional terminology
refers to the body in anatomical position
Regional terms
names of specific body areas
Superior (cranial)
towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body, above
Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
Axial region
relating to the head, neck, and trunk (the axis of the body)
Appendicular region
relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis
Abdominal quadrants
divides abdomen into four quadrants
Umbilical region
centermost region
Epigastric region
superior to umbilical region
Hypogastric (pubic) region
inferior to umbilical cord
Right and left iliac or inguinal regions
lateral and hypogastric region
Right and left lumbar regions
lateral to umbilical region
Right and left hypochondriac regions
flank epigastric region laterally
The axial portion of the body has two large cavities that provide protection to...
the organs within them
The dorsal body cavity protects the... and can be subdivided into... which are continuous with...
nervous system
the cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) cavity
each other
Cranial cavity
the brain is enclosed within the skull
Vertebral cavity
runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
houses the heart and lungs, separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity: although there is no further physical separation of the ventral cavity, we can describe this cavity in terms of:
A superior abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver, etc.) and
An inferior pelvic cavity (reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum)
Visceral organs (Viscera)
an internal organ of an animal (in this case us)
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into...
the pleural cavities and the mediastinum
The two pleural cavities each contains a...
lungs, which lie on either side of the heart
Mediastinum
contains all of the thoracic organs except the lungs
Organs include the: heart (pericardial cavity), aorta, thymus gland, chest portion of the trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, and important nerves
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with a thin, double-layered membrane called the
serosa (serous membrane)
Parietal serosa
the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
Visceral serosa
the part of the membrane covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity
Functions of the Serosa
These membranes produce a thin lubricating fluid that allows the visceral organs to slide over one another or to rub against the cavity wall without friction.
They compartmentalize the various organs so that the infection of one organ is prevented from spreading to others.
Peritoneum
the serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs
Pleura
the serosa lining the lungs
Pericardium
the serosa lining the heart
Oral cavity
the mouth
Nasal cavity
located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital cavity (orbits)
houses the eyes and presents them in an anterior position
Middle ear cavity
contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial cavity
joint cavities
Coronal (frontal) plane:
Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plane (cross section):
Runs horizontally- divides body into superior and inferior parts
Sagittal plane:
Runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts
Median (midsagittal) plane
divides the body into equal parts
Parasagittal plane
all other sagittal planes
Oblique sections
cuts made diagonally
Microscopy
examining small structures through a microscope
Preparing human tissue for microscopy..
Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures
Light microscopy (LM):
Illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification); 2D
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM):
Uses beams of electrons (higher magnification); 2D
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Heavy metal salt stain- deflects electrons in the beam to different extents; 3D