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What is an anabolic reaction?
anabolic reactions are complex chemicals built from smaller chemicals.
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What do organic molecules contain?
Carbon
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examples of in-organic molecules?
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Organic molecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- nucleic acids
- proteins
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Primary energy source of all cells?
glucose
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What is a monomer?
a single molecule or "building block" that can react with other monomers.
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what is a polymer?
many monomers that have joined together to make a larger chemical compound.
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what does "different physical conformation" mean?
same chemical formula but are arranged differently physically.
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Functions of carbs?
- Main energy source, what is not burned is stored as fat.
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Types of carbs?
- monosacchride-1 sugar
- disacchride- polymer of 2 suar units
- polysachride- multiple sugar units (form rings)
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examples of monosachrides?
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What is dehydration synthesis?
forcing two molecules together by taking away water.
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What form are polysaccharides in plant storage?
Starch.(potatoes)
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what form of polysaccharides are used in plant structure?
cellulose. (cell wall)
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what form are polysaccharides in animal storage?
glycogen. (liver) excess glucose is converted into glycogen.
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Describe the process that happens after carbohydrates are ingested?
The polysaccharides (starch) are to big and cant get past the intestine so they are broken down into disaccharides but are still to large to they break down further into monosaccharides (glucose) and they can finally slip through the intestine ( through active transport) and into the blood stream.
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Why is starch easy to digest by cellulose isnt?
Starch is compiled of single bonds (weak) that the body can break down. Cellulose has a crystal lattice structure where every piece of glucose is surrounded by more pieces of glucose.
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compare starch, glycogen and cellulose.
They are all isomers of each other. they are different due to the extent of cross branching which causes each substance to have different properties.
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Which carbohydrate is the easiest to breakdown?
which carbohydrate is not possible to break down?
- Glycogen is the easiest.
- starch is slightly harder but possible.
- Cellulose is not possible for humans to break down.
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Properties of fats?
- Non-polar meaning there insoluble in polar substances such as water.
- Many lipids are made of a glycerol backbone and fatty acids. combined through dehydration synthesis.
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functions of fats?
- structural material (cell membrane) cushions delicate organs.
- carries fat soluble vitamins.
- act as energy reservoirs. (excess glycogen is converted into fat)
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What are the four groups of lipids?
Triglycerides, Sterols, Waxes, Phospholipids.
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What is a triglyceride?
a union of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol backbone.
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What's the difference between triglycerides in plants and animals?
- Animal triglycerides are fat. Animal triglycerides are saturated (single bonds) and are stable so it is hard for our bodies to break them down.
- plant triglyceride are oils. They are Polyunsaturated (double bonds) and are more reactive than single bonds so they are easier to break down.
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What are phospholipids compiled of?
one glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group.
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What are some examples of Sterols?
- Cholesterol.
- steroids.
- hormones.
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What is a liposome?
double layered spheres that carry medicine through ought the body. they are made by phospholipids.
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What organic molecule contains more energy than the rest?
Lipids contain twice as much energy compared to proteins and carbs.
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What does to much fat in a diet lead to?
Heart disease, Obesity, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure.
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Describe what LDL causes.
Arteries sometimes get tears (bruises) and a piece of LDL gets stuck inside of the tear and attracts more LDL to itself and they clog the arteries.
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Why is HDL good cholesterol?
When LDL clogs up the arterie, HDL grabs all of the LDL and carries it down to the liver where it is broken down.
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What organic molecule makes up for most of the body?
Proteins.
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How are Proteins formed?
Proteins are compiled of chains of amino acids made by RNA.
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What are amino acids made of?
One amino group, one acid group and one special R group.
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What are peptide bonds?
Formed from dehydration synthesis. Two amino acids are stripped of there H2O and forced to combine making a dipeptide. this bond is called a peptide bond (covalent) (only in proteins)
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Describe how proteins make it into the blood stream?
polypeptides (proteins) are broken up into peptides (dehydration synthesis) and then broken up into amino acids that can fit through the intestines cell wall and make it into the bloodstream (active transport).
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What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids the human body cannot make so you must eat something that contains them (fish).
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What is a tertiary shape in proteins?
irregular contortions from r group bondings.
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Whats does it mean to denature a protein?
exposing a protein to excess heat, change in PH or radiation can denature a protein making it change shape. this is only temporary and the protein will go back to normal after the factor is removed.
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what does it mean to coagulate a protein?
Permeant change in a proteins shape
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what does a nucleotide contain?
a sugar molecule, nitrogen containing base and a phosphate group.
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why is cellulose needed even though humans can not digest it
helps digestive system carry food through body. carries waste out of body.
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Describe how to test if a substance contains starch.
Iodine solution will turn from brown to black in the presence of starch
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How to test if a substance contains reducing sugars?
Mix solution with a few drops of benedicts reagent and heat it. a positive test will result in an orangy red colour.
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how to test if a solution is a lipid?
place substance on brown paper if the paper becomes transparent the substance is a lipid.
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How to test if something is a protein?
use Biuret test. Biuret reagent reacts with peptide bonds. the more peptide bonds the more darker purple the substance will get.
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