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Norm of social responsibility.
A norm that those able to take care of themselves have a duty and obligation to assist those who cannot.
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Normative influence.
The process by which group norms are privately accepted to achieve or maintain connectedness and a valued social identity.
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Observational measures.
Those based on directly watching and recording people’s behavior, including online behavior.
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Ostracism.
Being ignored and excluded from a group.
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Ought self.
A person’s sense of what he or she is obligated to be, or should be.
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Out-group homogeneity effect.
The tendency to see the out-group as relatively more homogeneous and less diverse than the in-group.
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Performance measures.
Those that ask participants to perform some task as well as they can.
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Perseverance bias.
The tendency for information to have a persisting effect on our judgments even after it has been discredited.
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Persuasion.
The process of forming, strengthening, or changing attitudes by communication.
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Persuasion heuristic.
Association of a cue that is positively or negatively evaluated with the attitude object, allowing the attitude object to be evaluated quickly and without much thought.
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Pervasiveness of social influence.
The axiom that other people influence virtually all of our thoughts, feelings, and behavior, whether those others are physically present or not.
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Physiological measures.
Those based on measurement of some physiological process such as heart rate or muscle movements.
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Pluralistic ignorance.
Occurs when everyone publicly conforms to an apparent norm that no one in fact privately accepts.
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Post-decisional regret effect.
Attitude change that occurs to reduce the dissonance caused by freely making a choice or decision.
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Power.
The ability to provide or withhold rewards or punishments from others.
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Prejudice.
A positive or negative evaluation of a social group and its members.
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Primacy effect.
A pattern in which early-encountered information has a greater impact than subsequent information; an example of the principle of cognitive conservatism.
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Priming.
The activation of a mental representation to increase its accessibility and thus the likelihood that it will be used.
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Private conformity.
Private acceptance of social norms. 573
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Problem-focused coping.
Dealing with threats or stressors directly, often by reappraising the situation or by directly removing the threat.
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Prosocial behavior.
Behavior intended to help someone else.
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Public conformity.
Overt behavior consistent with social norms that are not privately accepted.
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Random assignment.
The procedure of assigning participants to different experimental groups so that every participant has exactly the same chance as every other participant of being in any given group.
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Reactance.
The motive to protect or restore a threatened sense of behavioral freedom.
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Reactive devaluation.
Perceiving a proposed solution to a conflict negatively simply because the out-group offers it.
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Realistic conflict theory.
The theory that intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued material resources.
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Reference group.
Those people accepted as an appropriate source of information for a judgment because they share the attributes relevant for making that judgment.
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Regulatory focus theory.
A theory that people typically have either a promotion or prevention focus, shaping the ways they self-regulate to attain positive outcomes versus avoiding negative outcomes.
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Relative deprivation theory.
The theory that feelings of discontent arise from the belief that other individuals or other groups are better off.
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Replication.
Conducting new studies in an effort to provide evidence for the same theoretically predicted relations found in prior research.
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