bio 20 ( unit d human systems flash cards )

Chemicals that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of molecules eg. glucose and fructose.

Many sugar unit combined

• Two monosaccharides put together by dehydration synthesis. 
• ( Dehydration synthesis is the removing of water to create a  bond. Basically removing the 2 hydrogens and one oxygen)

this is one sugar unit  e.g glucose, fructose, galactose.

• These are a type of sugar that ends in "ose". As well as composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1;2;1 ratioed such as glucose, and sucrose.
• They are the main energy source. Anything that is not burned is stored as fat.

These are multiple monomers that have come together to form a larger chemical compound eg strach

This is a single molecule or "building block" that can react with other monomers.  eg glucose

• These contain carbon.
• Carbohydrates, proteins, Nucleic acids, lipids(fats)

• Thes have no carbons. 
• They are vitamins and water.

Complex chemicals built from smaller ones.

large chemical reactions broken into smaller ones.

-These are double bonds that are more reactive than single bonds. So, they are easier for our bodies to breakdown.

• - These are animal triglycerides (fats) 
• - Single covalent bonds that are quite stable. That results in these bonds being difficult for the body to break down

• -Union of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol as the backbone. 
• - Broken down into  saturated and unsaturated fats.

• - They are non-polar and insoluble in water. 
• -Many lipids are composed of at least one glycerol and a fatty acid combined through dehydration synthesis.
• - Spilt into 4 groups known as Triglycerides ( fats and oils) , Phospholipids ( membranes), waxes, Sterols ( chlosetral and steriods

The major difference between the three is the extent of the cross branching which causes each molecule to have different properties.  The more the cross branching, the stronger the chemical bond and the harder it is to digest.

Using water to break a bond.

Strach, cellulose, Glycogen

sucrose, lactose , maltose

Glucose, fructose, ribose

Glucose

• This is the breaking down or building of chemical reactions into energy. 
• two types: Catabolic and Anabolic

• - This is determined through the Biuret test which reacts with the peptide bonds. 
• - It changes from blue - to pink to - purple. So, the darker the purple the more complex the protein.

• - Fat turns the paper see through 
• - React it with Sudan Iv which it moves from pink to red.

• - Test complex sugars with Iodine. 
• -  It is a complex sugar if the brown iodine turns black.

• - we use the benedicts reagent and then heat up. 
• - It is a simple sugar if it turns orangy-red

• - this is a fusion between proteins and carbs. 
• - This is mainly Dna which is two strands and Rna which is a single strand. 
• -  Polymers of nucleotides are sugars bound to a phosphate and a protein.

- The protein may resume its shape once the factor is removed. ( eg when you straighten your curly hair with an iron)

- This is the permanent change in the shape of a protein. ( e.g boiling egg)

• - excess heat 
• - Radiation 
• - ph change

• - These are 2 or more polypeptide structures aggregated into 1 macromolecule. 
• -Only occurs with big fancy proteins

• - Irregular contortions ( twist and bendy kind of shape) from the R group bonding. 
• - example are hemoglobin in red blood cells .

• - This is the conformation of the protein in different ways such as the coil and the foils.
• - However, hydrogen bonds in proteins affect the physical properties. 
• - Alpha helix - coiling keratin ( this is protein found in hair that determines that waviness)
• - Pleated Sheet - parallel such as silk

Ths is something that your body cannot produce. It is obtained through your diet.

• - Also known as polypeptides'
• -Ribosomes ( they make proteins) and mitochondria(the powerhouse of the cell )  are composed largely of proteins.
• -Antibodies and enzymes are specialized proteins. 
• - Muscles , nerves , hair are mostly composed of protein.
• - They are composed from 8 - 1000 amaino acids from 20 specific ones joined together by peptide covalent bonds in the process of dehydration sythensis.

• - they build and repair bodies. 
• - They are a huge component of DNA.

- This is when cholesterol  and other fats on the inner liner of the blood vessels forms a plague or clog to make the heart work harder.

• - Stands for high-density Lipoprotein. 
• -This is the good cholesterol that carries the LDL's to the liver to be broken down.

• - Stands for low-density lipoprotein. 
• This is bad cholesterol ( fats ) that clog arteries because they have a sticky texture. They come and stick to each other continuously till the arteries are clogged and a blood clot forms

• Turns oils into more stable trans fats. 
• - however it raises more LDL fats

- this is a double-layered sphere composed of fat with the motive to carry drugs throughout the body.

• - 2 fatty acids instead of 3 because the phosphate replaces the third one. 
• - Tails which is the fact which is hydrophobic (hates water)
• - The heads which is hydrophilic which is the phosphate and loves water which makes it great for membranes.

• They are energy reservoirs. 
• they are structural materials for cell membranes and cushions for organs.