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bone surface markings:
Characteristic structural features of bones that are adapted for specific functions.
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When are bone surface markings formed?
They develop and form after birth in response to various tension forces applied to bone surfaces by structures such as tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and fasciae, etc.
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What causes bone surface depressions to form?
Compression on a bone.
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What are two major types/categories of bone surface markings?
- 1. Depressions & Openings
- 2. Processes
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What function do bone surface depressions and openings serve?
They are sites that allow the passage of soft tissue such as nerves and blood vessels, or the formation of joints.
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What are bone processes?
Outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue (e.g., ligaments, tendons).
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Name 5 different types of bone surface depressions and openings.
- Fissure
- Foramen
- Fossa
- Sulcus
- Meatus
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fissure:
A narrow slit between parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass.
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Name some examples of fissures.
superior orbital fissure-sphenoid bone
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foramen:
Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.
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Name some examples of foramen.
- foramen magnum-occipital bone
- optic foramen-sphenoid bone
- carotid foramen-temporal bone
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fossa:
A shallow depression.
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Name some examples of fossa.
- coronoid fossa-humerus bone
- subscapular fossa-scapula bone
- olecranon fossa-humerus bone
- iliac fossa-ilium bone
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sulcus:
A furrow along the bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon.
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Name some examples of sulci.
intertubercular sulcus-humerus bone
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meatus:
A tubelike opening on the bone surface.
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Name some examples of meatus.
- external auditory meatus-temporal bone
- internal auditory meatus-temporal bone
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Name two categories that bone processes can be subdivided into.
- 1. Processes that form joints
- 2. Processes that form connective tissue attachment points
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Name three processes that form joints.
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condyle:
A large round protuberance at the end of a bone with a smooth articular surface.
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Name some examples of condyles.
lateral & medial condyles-femur bone
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facet:
A smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex articular surface.
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Name some examples of facets.
superior articular facet-vertebra
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head:
An articular bone projection that is usually rounded and supported by a constricted bone portion (neck).
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Name some examples of heads.
- head of femur
- head of radius
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Name seven bone processes that form attachment points for connective tissue.
- Crest
- Epicondyle
- Line
- Spinous Process
- Trochanter
- Tubercle
- Tuberosity
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crest:
A prominent ridge or elongated projection.
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Name an example of a crest.
iliac crest-hip bone
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epicondyle:
A projection above a condyle that is typically roughened.
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Name some examples of epicondyles.
medial & lateral epicondyles-femur bone
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line:
A long, narrow ridge or border that is less prominent than a crest.
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Name some examples of lines.
linea aspera-femur bone
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spinous process:
A sharp, slender bone projection.
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Name some examples of spinous processes.
- spinous processes-vertebrae
- mastoid processes-temporal bones
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trochanter:
A very large bone projection.
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Name some examples of trochanters.
greater & lesser trochanters-femur bones
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tubercle:
A variably sized, rounded bone projection.
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Name some examples of tubercles.
greater tubercle-humerus bone
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tuberosity:
A variably sized bone projection that has a rough, bumpy surface.
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Name some examples of tuber-sixties.
ischial tuberosity-hip bone
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