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1. manipulation of independent variable (IV)
2. random assignment which creates probabilistically equivalent groups
3. control in comparison group
3 necessary conditions for a "true experiment"
-
correlation coefficient
summarizes the strength (closeness to 1) and direction of two variables.
-
1. quick, easy, and efficient
2. sometimes not practical/ethical to manipulate
3. allow us to examine real life relationships between variables or on going events.
Advantages of correlation method
-
1. happy
2. sad
3. anger
4. fear
5. surprise
6. disgust
- Temporary Causes, Nonverbal 1. face
- 6 universal facial expressions
-
(eye contact reduces psychological distance) lack of eye contact, unfriendly and uncomfortable
# 2 eyes
-
reduces phycological distance, positive and negative
strategically =>power + dominance
people of high status are twice as highly to touch people of lower status
(e.g. teacher putting their hand on students back)
#3 touching
-
1. adaptors "self touching"
2. eye contact-change in normal
3. voice pitch up
4. micro-expressions (for a split second before smiling they frown)
5. sentence repairs (went to a movie...went to a movie ....with joe)
6. inconsistency across multiple channels
#4 Detection of lying
-
Stable Causes
- attributes - inferences we make about peoples behavior, the answer to the question why?
- we can make inferences about our own behavior.
-
Fritz Heider
father of attribution theory
-
1. Freely chosen behaviors
2. low in social desireability
3. behaviors that produce non-common or unique events
Correspondent Inference Theory Diagnosticy
-
(implicit)
fast
effortless
happens outside of conscious awareness
Automatic Processing
-
(explicit)
slower
effortful
consciously aware
controlled processing
-
cognitive
deal with the way we process info "cold" (e.g. attention)
-
motivational
- phycological needs motivess
- self esteem
- control
- belongingness "hot"
-
Discounting
- occurs with multiple causes for an outcome
- (e.g. reasons for getting an "A" studying, intelligence, luck)
-
The fundamental attribution error
is the tendency for perceivers to make dispositional attributions about the causes of another, behavior in the face of strong situaltional restraints.
-
categorization
characteration
inferential correction
Gilber pelham and krull
-
anchor-the behavior serves as an anchor
ajust-we process a little info about situation but does not ajust significantly
Quattrone
-
1. cognitive capacity
2. motivation
in order to not make the bias
-
schema
network of knowledge
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