Anatomy (Digestive System)

is the breakdown of large
organic molecules into smaller
molecules that can be absorbed

The digestive tract is also referred to as the

The digestive tract consists of the:

The layers of the tract wall are also termed ___

Innermost layer of tract wall and secretes mucus

-above mucosa
-contains blood vessels, nerves, small
glands

above submucosa longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscles

- outermost layer of digestive tract wall
-peritoneum is present called ___ no peritoneum then called ___

Layer of smooth epithelial tissue

connective tissue of organs in abdominal cavity

mesentery connecting lesser curvature of stomach to liver and diaphragm

mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall

First part of digestive system

-produce saliva which contains
enzymes to breakdown
carbohydrates into glucose
-cleanse mouth
-dissolve and moisten

salivary enzyme that breaks down
carbohydrates

salivary enzymes that are active against
bacteria

house taste buds and mucus

How many teeth are in a normal adult?

How many baby teeth are there?

Center of tooth is called the __

___ is hard covering protects teeth against abrasions

___ are breakdown of enamel by acids from bacteria

roof of oral cavity

anterior part of the palate

posterior part of the palate

produce saliva contains enzymes to
breakdown food

____ is inflammation of parotid
glands

Connects the mouth to the
esophagus

3 Parts of Pharynx

Tube that connects the pharynx to the
stomach

• occurs when gastric juices
regurgitate into esophagus

What causes gastritis?

the phase where bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth
is pushed into oropharynx

the phase where swallowing reflex is initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx

the phase where food moves from pharynx to stomach

wave-like contractions moves food
through digestive tract via the action of smooth muscles

-Located in abdomen
-Storage tank for food

How many liters of food can the stomach hold?

the major functions of the digestive system are to digest food and to absorb nutrients into the __________.

Which of the following is considered to be an accessory organ of digestion

Secretion is an important process of digestion. Which of the following best describes one concept of secretion in reference to the digestive system?

How does food move through your digestive tract?

Where does most of the digestive process take place?

What does the liver do to help digestion?

Which of these can harm the intestinal lining

Which of these maintains intestinal health?

Which of these can cause heartburn?

large folds in that allow stomach to stretch

paste-like substance that forms when
food begins to be broken down

opening between stomach and
small intestine

thick, ring of smooth muscle
around pyloric opening

when will the stomach contract by low blood glucose levels?

stomach secretions are
initiated by sight, smell, taste,
or food thought

phase where partially digested proteins and distention of stomach promote
secretion

phase where acidic chyme stimulates neuronal
reflexes and secretions of hormones
that inhibit gastric secretions by
negative feedback loops

✔ weak contraction
✔ thoroughly mix food to form chyme

✔ stronger contraction
✔ force chyme toward and through pyloric sphincter

mechanisms stimulate
stomach secretion

Stomach empties every__ hours after regular meal, and ___ to ___ after high fatty meal

is the outermost tunic of the
stomach

is usually a protective mechanism against the ingestion of toxic or harmful substances.

major absorptive organ where most of the absorption of nutrients takes place

3 parts of the small intestine

It is the first part of the small intestine where it is 25 cm long and contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular
cells, endocrine cells

second part of the small intestine where it is 2.5 meters long and absorbs nutrients

Third part of the small intestine and is 3.5 meters long

cells, which have microvilli, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb digested food

cells which produce a protective mucus

cells, which may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria

cells which produce regulatory hormones.

The epithelial cells are located within tubular glands of the
mucosa, called

The submucosa of the duodenum contains mucous glands which open into the base of the intestinal glands

proceed along the length of the
intestine for variable distances and cause the chyme to
move along the small intestine

ns are propagated for only short
distances and mix intestinal contents

Located in the right upper quadrant
of the abdomen under the
diaphragm

-gate where blood vessels, ducts,
nerves enter and exit
• Receives arterial blood from the
hepatic artery

transport bile out of liver

Functions of the liver

• dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and breaks down fats

Located posterior to stomach in
inferior part of left upper quadrant

The major protein-digesting enzymes are

Function is to absorb water from indigestible food Contains cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

is product of water,
indigestible food, and microbes

Microbs synthesize vitamin __

process where the breakdown of food occurs in stomach and
mouth

the process where food moves through digestive tract includes swallowing and peristalsis

The process that takes place primarily in duodenum and jejunum of
small intestine

the process of the elimination of waste in the form of feces

is a protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the stomach