C15: Respiratory System

It consists of structures use to acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

It is required for the body's cells to synthesize the chemical energy molecule, ATP.

It is a by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood.

What happens if there are increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood?

What are the 7 structures that make up the respiratory system?

It encloses the chamber for inspired air.

It is a cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for inspired air.

The pharynx is commonly called the?

It serves as a shared passageway for food and air.

The larynx is frequently called the?

Its rigid structure helps keep the air constantly open, or patent.

The trachea is commonly called the?

It serves as an air-cleaning tube to funnel inspired air in each lung.

These are tubes that direct air into the lungs.

Each ____ is a labyrinth of air tubes and a complex network of air sacs, called alveoli, and capillaries.

What are the two broad aspects of respiration?

It is simply the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

It is the diffusion of gases across cell membranes.

What are the two types of respiration within the body?

It is the movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and blood.

It is the movement of gases between the blood and the body's cells.

The respiratory tract is separated into two regions. What are these?

It includes structures from the nose to the larynx.

It includes structures from the trachea through the alveoli in the lungs.

It encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation.

It is solely within the lungs and includes some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli.

What are the four simultaneous process that occur for gas exchange to happen?

It consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity.

It is the visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face.

It is the open chair inside the nose where air first enters the respiratory system.

These are the anterior external openings of the nasal cavity.

Posterior openings of the nasal cavity to the pharynx

The floor of the nasal cavity, which separates it from the oral cavity in the mouth.

A wall of tissue that separates the nasal cavity into right and left halves.

It occurs when a septum bulges to one side and is a common cause of snoring.

These are three lateral bony ridges on each side of the nasal cavity.

These are openings within the superior and middle meatuses.

It is an opening for tear drainage from the surface of the eye.

It is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of a sinus, especially one or more of the paranasal sinuses.

What are the five functions of the nasal cavity?

What are the two sources of moisture in the nasal cavity?

It is the common opening of both the digestive and respiratory systems.

The pharynx is connected to the respiratory system at the?

The pharynx is connected to the digestive system at the?

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

It is the most superior portion of the pharynx.

It is an incomplete partition composed of muscle and connective tissue, and separates the nasopharynx from the middle portion of the pharynx.

It is the extension of the soft palate.

The posterior wall of the nasopharynx houses the?

It is a continuation of the nasopharynx.

It is the middle portion of the pharynx and is posterior to the mouth and begins at the soft palate.

It is a continuation of the oropharynx.

It spans the posterior length of the pharynx.

It is located in the anterior part of the laryngopharynx and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea.

Why is the larynx rigid?

What are the cartilages composing the larynx?

It is the largest of the cartilages, and is a single-shaped piece called the adam's apple.

It forms the base of the larynx and is a single piece of cartilage upon which other cartilages rest.

It is a single piece of cartilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage and projects superiorly.

These paired cartilages articulate with the superior border on the posterior of the cricoid cartilage.

These are paired cartilages that are attached to the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilages.

These are paired cartilages that are contained in a mucous membrane anterior to the corniculate cartilages.

What are the ligaments used for speech?

These are known as the false vocal chords and are the superior pair of ligaments.

These are known as the true vocal chords and are the inferior ligaments.

It occurs when the vocal folds become inflamed and the person "loses" his or her voice.

These are the primary source of sound production.

The force of air moving past the vocal folds determines the?

The frequency of vibrations of the air moving pas the vocal folds determines the?

It allows the air to flow into the lungs.

The trachea is reinforced with how many C-shaped pieces of cartilages?

What are the reinforced cartilages in the trachea called?

These support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing.

The trachea has an inside diameter or?

The trachea has a length of?

The trachea descends from the larynx to the?

The trachea divides to form two smaller tubes called?

At the location of where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi is a ridge of cartilage called the?

It consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs.

What main bronchus is larger in the diameter and more in line with the trachea?

How many levels of branching occur from the trachea to the smallest air tubes?

What are the four classes of air passageways?

These are also known as the secondary bronchi, and arise directly from the main bronchi.

How many lobar bronchi are in the left and right lung?

These are also called the tertiary bronchi, and supply subdivisions within each lung lobe, which are called bronchopulmonary segments.

These result from the continued branching of the segmental bronchi.

These arise from several subdivisions of bronchioles.

It occurs when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter large.

It occurs when the smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller.

What helps counteract the effects of an asthma attack by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the walls of terminal bronchioles?

These are small, air-filled chambers where the air and blood come into close contact with each other.

What are the multiple levels of branching from the terminal bronchioles to the alveoli?

How many alveoli are approximately in the lungs?

What is the average diameter of an alveolus?

The alveolar walls and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries form the?

The thoracic wall consists of the?

It is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm.

It is a sheet of skeletal muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

These are the primary organs for respiration.

These are among the largest organs of the body.

The portion of the lung in contact with the diaphragm is the?

The portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle is the?

Which is larger? The right or left lung?

How much does the right lung weigh?

How much does the left lung weigh?

It is an indentation on the medial surface of the lung.

All structures passing through the hilum are referred to as the?

The lung lobes are separated by deep, prominent _____ on the surface of the lung.

The left lung also has a medial indentation called the?

The lung lobes are further subdivided into?

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung? In the right lung?

The bronchopulmonary segments are further divided into?

Blood that has passed through the lungs and picked up O2 is called?

Blood that has passed through the tissues and released some of its O2 is called?

What are the two blood flow routes to the lungs?

The lungs have two lymphatic supplies. What are these?

This pleural cavity covers the inner thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum

This pleural cavity covers the surface of the lung.

What are the two primary aspects to ventilation?

What are the muscles of inspiration?

These act to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.

These muscles decrease the thoracic volume by depressing the ribs and the sternum.

What are the muscles of expiration?

It is a flat sheet of connective tissue at the top of the dome.

Upon inspiration, the air pressure within the thoracic cavity _____.

Upon expiration, the air pressure within the thoracic cavity _____.

It is the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system.

It is the device used to measure pulmonary volumes.

What are the four different volumes measured in spirometry?

These are the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes.

Formula for inspiratory capacity

It is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration.

Vital capacity formula

It is the maximum volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration.

Functional residual capacity formula

It is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.

Total lung capacity formula

It is a functional measure of lung performance

It is the measure of the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute.

The remaining areas where no gas exchange occurs

What are the two types of dead space?

A dead space that inlcludes all the structures of the upper respiratory tract, and structures of the lower respiratory tract to the terminal bronchioles.

A dead space that is the combination of the anatomical dead space and the volume of any alveoli with lower than normal gas exchange.

It is the individual pressure of each gas.

How can you determine the partial pressure of each gas?

What are the two factors that influence the ability of alveoli to increase and decrease in volume?

It is the tendency for the lungs to decrease in size after they are stretched.

Lung recoil occurs for two reasons. What are these?

It occurs because elastic fibers within the lungs and thoracic wall return to their original shape and size once the tension on them is released.

This occurs because of hydrogen bonding within the alveoli.

Collapse of the alveoli due to the surface tension is prevented by the molecule?

It is a mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by the surfactant-secreting cells of the alveolar epithelium

It is the pressure within the pleural cavity between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

If pleural pressure is increased, what happens?

If there is lower pressure outside the lungs during inspiration, what happens?

The increase in pleural pressure is called?

What are the two major possible causes of pneumothorax?

Being stabbed, getting shot by a gun, breaking a rib

Blow to the chest; a medical procedure

In this kind of pneumothorax, the pressure within the pleural cavity is always higher than the barometric air pressure.

What are the three major factors that influence the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane?

What is the partial pressure gradient for O2?

What is the partial pressure gradient for CO2?

The thicker the respiratory membrane, the (higher or lower) the gas diffusion.

It is the most common cause of increased respiratory membrane thickness; is an accumulation of fluid in the alveoli

The lower the surface area, the (higher of lower) rate of gas diffusion.

In a healthy adult, the total surface area of the respiratory membrane is approximately?

It is a complex protein synthesized by immature red blood cells

It consists of four subunits, each containing one iron-based heme goup

This is where O2 binds, so one hemoglobin can carry up to four O2 molecules

An altered form of hemoglobin can be found in individuals with?

How many percent of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin?

How many percent of oxygen is transported dissolved in plasma?

It is formed as a by-product of the breakdown of glucose when cells use O2 to produce ATP.

What are the three ways CO2 is transported in the blood?

How many percent of CO2 is dissolved directly in plasma?

How many percent of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin?

How many percent of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions?

It is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O

What controls the respiratory rate?

The medullary respiratory center has two sets of neurons. What are these?

It is a collection of neurons that are most active during inspiration.

It is a collection of neurons that are active during both inspiration and respiration.

What establishes the basic rhythm of respiration?

It is a collection of neurons in the pons that help regulate respiration rate.

A decrease in O2 below its normal values is called?

High PO2 =?

Low PO2 =?

Low PCO2 =?

High PCO2 =?

A greater-than-normal amount of CO2 in the blood?

Lower than normal CO2 level in the blood?

It limits the depth of inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs.

The highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in the blood pH