EPPP - Ethics

aspirational and nonenforceable. They provide general guidelines and will not serve as the basis for disciplinary action.

mandatory and enforceable provisions

scientific, educational, or professional roles as psychologists

The prevailing professional judgment of psychologists engaged in similar activities in similar circumstances, given the knowledge the psychologist had or should have had at the time.

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence - Strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm. Seek the safeguard the welfare and rights of whom they are working with and the be aware of the possible effect of their own physical and mental health on their ability to help those with whom they work.

Fidelity and Responsibility - establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work. Uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for their behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to exploitation or harm. Confer with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals to sever the best interests of those with whom they work. Strive to do pro bono work.

Integrity - seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness. Do not steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge or intentional misrepresentation of fact.

Justice - recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted. Take precaution to ensure potential biases, boundaries of competence, and limitations of expertise do not lead to unjust practices.

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity - respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. It may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making.

mandatory, enforceable Ethical Standards

Psychologists must resolve it in a way that is in keeping with basic principles of humans rights.

welfare and protection

licensing board

felony

human rights

if learned of misuse or misrepresentation of their work, take reasonable steps to correct or minimize.

If conflict exists, clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the the Ethics Code, and take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict

Clarify the nature of the conflict, make known the commitment to the Ethics Cody, and take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict.

If a violation is believed to have happened by another, attempt to resolve by bringing to the attention of the person if appropriate

if cannot resolve the issue by bringing it to their attention, take further action such as reporting to the state or national committees on professional ethics, licensing boards, or appropriate institutional authorities.

cooperate with investigations and address confidentiality issues as needed.

do not file or encourage filing of complaints that are made with reckless disregard for or willful ignorance of facts that would disprove the allegation

Do not deny employment, advancement, etc. based on being the subject of an ethics complaint

• a) provide services in areas only within the boundaries of their competence 
• b) When doing work outside of boundaries of competence, one must acquire the the training, supervision, consultation, experience to ensure competence 
• c) The same rules of "b" apply to new populations one might work with 
• d) if service are need but unavailable and one is not competent, closely related prior training may suffice to prevent denial of services
• e) if a new field of study where competence does not exist, nevertheless take steps to achieve competence to prevent  causing harm
• f)When in a forensic role, become familiar with the judicial or administrative rules

services may be provided without the necessary training but discontinued when when the emergency has ended or appropriate services are available

undertake ongoing efforts to develop and maintain competence

work is based upon scientific and professional knowledge

• take steps to avoid delegating to persons who have multiple relationships  with those being served that could lead to exploitation or loss of objectivity
•  
• authorize only responsibilities in which the person is competent 

see that the person performs in a competent manner

do not engage in an activity where personal problems will effect competence 

if aware a personal problem is effecting work, take appropriate measures such as consulting

When supervisors or employers are legally responsible for the actions of their supervisees or employees

cooperate with the Committee's request by sending it the information you believe is relevant to the case after confirming the client has signed a release.

start seeing these clients after establishing a consultative/supervisory relationship with a licensed psychologist with expertise in this area.

provide services to these individuals but stop when the crisis has ended or other services become available.

consult with another professional to determine the best course of action.

a violation of the provisions of the Ethics Code.

must, new knowledge

Do not engage in unfair discrimination based on age, gender, gender identity, race, socioeconomic status etc.

Do not engage in behaviors that are unwelcome, offensive, creates a hostile work place

is sufficiently severe or intense to be abusive to a reasonable person in the context. 

can be a single severe act or multiple persistent or pervasive acts

do not knowingly engage in behavior that is harassing or demeaning based on age, gender, religion, race, etc.

take reasonable steps tp avoid harming others with whom you work 

do not participate, facilitate, assist, etc. in torture, as defined by any act that involves mental or physical pain and suffering

when you are in a professional role and another role with a person, there is a close association, or a promise to enter into another relationship and this relationship can reasonably be expected to impair objectivity, competence, or effectiveness, exploit or harm. 

if this happens from unseen factors, take reasonable steps to resolve it 

if multiple relationship is required by law, policy, or extraordinary circumstances clarify roles expectation at the outset

refrain from taking on a role were personal, scientific, professional, legal, or other interests or relationships could reasonably be expected to impair objectivity, competence, or effectiveness or expose a person or organization harm or exploitation

when agreeing to provide services through a third party, attempt to clarify at the outset the nature of the relationship will all involved. this includes the role of the psychologist (expert witness, therapist, consultant, etc.) who the client is, and probable uses of services provided.

don't exploit anyone under any circumstances

cooperate when indicated and professionally appropriate

get it in all settings (therapy, research, assessment etc.) 

when legally incapable for giving consent, nevertheless prove appropriate explanation, seek the individual's assent, consider such persons' preferences and best interests, obtain from a legally authorized person if required by law (when not, take reasonable steps).

when court ordered or mandated, inform of the nature of anticipated services including limits of confidentiality 

appropriately document written or oral consent, permission, and assent.

provide information regarding nature and objectives of services, intended recipients, who are the clients, the relationship between the psychologist and each person and the organization, probable uses of the services and information obtained, who will have access to the information, and limits of confidentiality 

if precluded by law or roles from providing such information, must inform at the outset.

Unless covered by contract, make reasonable efforts to plan for services to continue in the event they are interrupted for whatever reason (death, moving, vacation, retirement etc.)

Power differential - the greater the differential the greater the risk

Duration of the relationship - the longer the relationship the less acceptable 

Clarity of termination - the greater the chance of future relationship (e.g. person might come back to therapy) the less acceptable

capacity - the ability to make rational decisions 

comprehension - adequate information is given and clearly understood 

voluntariness - consent is given freely and without coercion

quid pro quo

role expectations

assent

Have a primary obligation to take reasonable precautions to protect confidential information obtained through or stored in any medium and recognize the extent and limits of confidentiality may be regulated by law or governing body.

discuss with the person or their legal representative the limits and foreseeable uses of gathered information 

unless not feasible, the discussion occurs at the outset 

electronic transmission requires informing person of the risk.

must gain permission before recording

provide information only relevant to the communication being made (i.e. written or oral reports)

discuss confidential information obtained only for appropriate scientific or professional purposes and only with persons clearly concerned with such matters

may disclose with appropriate consent 

without consent only as mandated by the law or where permitted by law for a valid purpose such as providing needed services, professional consultation, protecting from harm, obtaining payment for services in which disclosure is limited to achieve that purpose

When consulting, do not disclose information that could lead to identification of the person unless consent has been given and disclose information only to the extent necessary to achieve consultation purpose.

do not disclose identifiable information on any platform unless reasonable steps are taken to disguise the person or organization, the person or organization has consented in writing, or there is legal authority to do so.

the freedom of individuals to choose for themselves the time and the circumstances under which and the extent to which their beliefs, behaviors, and opinions are to be shared with or withheld from others

the obligation of psychologists to protect clients from unauthorized disclosure of information revealed in the context of a professional relationship

a legal concept that protects a client's confidentiality in the context of legal proceedings. This is known as therapist patient privilege.

the client

Waivers - ROI

mandatory reporting - child, elder, dependent adult abuse

DTS/O 

legal/regulatory actions - client is suing therapist for malpractice, has filed a complaint, is a party in a custody dispute, or the subject of a court ordered evaluation

confidentiality and privilege

a duty to protect an intended victim by warning them of harm and contacting the police. 

The client must pose a clear and imminent danger to an identifiable victim or victims

should inform her participants of the possible limits of confidentiality as part of the informed consent process.

consult with a colleague about the situation.

a legal term referring to the protection of confidential information in legal proceedings.

you must obtain a release from the client only if you will be revealing the client's identity to the consultant.

client.

C

consider the situation, consulting if necessary, to determine if you can maintain your objectivity with this family.

A

does not represent a legal claim for sexual harassment as long as Bertrand actually stops making offensive comments.

tell Sal that you cannot see his son in therapy and provide him with several referrals (dual relationship).

Do not knowingly make public statements that are false, deceptive, or fraudulent

Do not make false, deceptive, or fraudulent statements concerning training, experience, competence, degrees, credentials, affiliations, services, scientific or clinical basis of their services, fees, publication or research findings. 

claim degrees as credentials for their health services only if from an accredited institution or the basis for the licensure.

psychologists who engage others to create or place public statements that promote the practice or products are responsible for them 

do not compensate employees of press, radio, TV, or other media platforms in return for publicity 

paid advertisement for services or products must be identified or clearly recognizable as such

ensure advertisements accurately describe the audience for which the program is intended, the educational objectives, the presenters, and the fees involved

when providing public advice (print, internet, etc.), precautions are taking to ensure, they are based on their professional knowledge, training, or experience, consistent with the Ethics Code, do not indicate that a professional relationship has been established with the recipient

do not solicit from current clients or others who are vulnerable to influence because of their circumstances

do not engage in uninvited in-person solicitation of business who are vulnerable to undue influence because of their circumstances. This does not preclude attempting to implement appropriate collateral contact for the purpose of benefiting an already engaged therapy client or providing disaster or community outreach services

create, maintain, disseminate, store, retain, and dispose of records in order to facilitate provision of services later by them or other professionals, allow for replication of research, meet institutional requirements, ensure accuracy of billing and payments, and ensure compliance with the law

maintain confidentiality in creating, storing, accessing, and disposing of records. 

if storing records in data bases to which those who do not have consent to access is shared, use coding or other techniques  to avoid inclusion of personal identifiers

make plans in advance to facilitate appropriate transfer and to protect the confidentiality of records in the event of a need to withdrawal from practice.

can't do it

reach an agreement as soon as possible

fee practices are consistent with the law

do not misrepresent fees

if limitations of services can be anticipated because of limits with financing, this is discussed asap 

if they don't pay and going to use a collection agency or legal measure, must first inform the person of this and give them opportunity to make prompt payment

may barter only if it is not clinically contraindicated and not exploitative

take reasonable steps to ensure accurate reporting of the nature of service provided or research conducted, the fees, charges, or payments, and where applicable, the identity of the provider, the findings, and the diagnosis

based on the services provided and not the referral itself

7, 3

FERPA (family education rights and privacy act)

privacy rule

designated record set

A

in accord with ethical guidelines.

may be ethical if the person being solicited is not susceptible to undue influence.

unethical if the payment of $25.00 is based on the referral only.

as early as is feasible.

C

acceptable as long as you inform her of your intent and give her an opportunity to pay her outstanding fee before doing so.

may withhold Caleb's records as long as they are not needed for emergency treatment.

The testimonials do not seem to violate the provisions of the Ethics Code and are acceptable.

programs are designed to provide appropriate knowledge, experience, and meet requirements for licensure, certification, or other goals claimed to meet

make sure descriptions are accurate for content, goals, objectives, stipends and benefits, and requirements needed to complete.

course syllabi are accurate regarding subject matter, evaluating process, nature of course experience. Instructors may modify course content as needed and when appropriate but students must be made aware of changes

do not require students or supervisees to disclose personal information regarding sexual history, abuse and neglect, psychological treatment, relationships with parents, peers, and spouses or significant others except if it is clearly identified as a requirement for admissions or the information is needed to evaluate or obtain assistance for students whose personal problems could reasonably be judged to be preventing them from performing duties, or posing a threat.

allow students to choose therapist unaffiliated to the program

faculty who are evaluating students are not the ones giving therapy.

establish a timely and specific process for providing feedback. this information is given of supervision

evaluations are based on actual performance on relevant and established requirements.

do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or over whom they have or are likely to have evaluative authority

provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval before beginning research

inform participants about the purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures, the right to decline or withdraw, possible consequences of declining or withdrawing, potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects, possible benefits, limits of confidentiality, inceptives for participating, and whom to contact with questions

if doing research of experimental treatments, clarify at the outset the experimental nature, the service that will or will not be available to the control group, how control group and experimental group will assigned, available treatment options if the person does not want to participate or withdraws, compensation or costs for participation,

get consent before starting unless the research is solely of naturalistic observations in public places, it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm, or the design includes deception, and the consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing

take steps to protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing 

when a course requirement or extra credit, the person is given the choice of equitable alternative activities

may do so only where research would not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves the study of normal educational practices, curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings; anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations, archival research were responses would not place people at risk of criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, or reputation, and confidentiality is protected; the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in organizational settings where there is no risk to employability and confidentiality is protected

avoid offering excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements when likely to coerce professional services clarify the nature of the service as well as risks, obligations, and limitation

can only use when deception is justified by the significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and non-deception is not feasible 

do not deceive if expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress

explain deception as soon as possible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than the close of data collection to allow them to withdraw their data.

provide prompt opportunity to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions, and take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have

reduce risk of harm if must justly delaying or withholding information 

if harm has occurred, take reasonable steps to minimize the harm

acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliant with laws and professional standards 

psychologists trained and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment. 

all involved people have received instruction in research methods, and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the animals 

minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animals 

only subject to pain, stress, or privation when alternative procedures are unavailable 

perform surgery under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain 

when appropriate to end the life of an animal, proceed rapidly and minimize pain

do not fabricate data

if significant errors are discovered in published data take reasonable steps to correct such errors

do not present portions of another's work or data as their own, even if the other work or data source is cited occasionally

take credit only for work actually performed and substantially contributed to

principal authorship or other credits accurately reflect contributions regardless of their relative status. higher position (department chair, etc.) does not justify authorship credit. minor contributions are acknowledged appropriately, such as in footnotes 

except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student's doctoral dissertation

do not publish, as original data, data that have been previously published

do not withhold data on which conclusions are based who wish to perform reanalysis, providing confidentiality can be protected 

those who request data for reanalysis must use the data only for the declared purpose

those who review material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or research proposal review respect confidentiality and the proprietary rights

unethical since she advertised the seminar as a "lecture."

the student should be listed as the first author and the advisor as the second author.

discuss the possible ethical violation with the supervisor.

D

C

ethical as long as students are given a choice of completing an equitable alternative assignment.

You are not required to comply with the colleague's request since the results of the study have not yet been published.

debriefing

base opinions on information and techniques sufficient to substantiate their findings 

provide opinions only after they have conducted and examination of the individuals adequate to support their statements or conclusions. when such an examination is not practical, document the efforts made and the results of those efforts, clarify the probable impact of their limited information and the reliability and validity of their opinions, and appropriately limit the nature and extent of their conclusions or recommendations 

when conducting a record review or providing consultation or supervision and an examination is not warranted or necessary for the opinion, explain this and the sources of information on which they based conclusions and recommendations

administer, adapt, score, interpret, or use assessment techniques, interviews, tests, or instruments in a manner that is appropriate

use assessment instruments whose validity and reliability have been established. when not, describe strengths and limitations 

use assessment methods that are appropriate to an person's language preference and competence

always get consent, unless testing is mandated by law, consent is implied because testing is conducted as a routine educational, institutional, or organizational activity (e.g. job application), or testing is to evaluate decisional capacity

inform persons with questionable capacity or for whom testing is mandated about the nature and purpose of the proposed assessment services, using understandable language. 

use and interpreter make sure that confidentiality of test results and test security are maintained and included in their recommendation, reported, statements, etc.

data refers to raw and scaled scores, responses to test questions, and notes and recordings. Pursuant to a release, provide data to client or other persons identified in the release. May refrain from releasing data to protect client or others from substantial harm or misuse of data.  

in the absence of a release, only provide data as required by law or court order

use appropriate psychometric procedures and current scientific knowledge or design

take into account the purpose of the assessment as well as the various test factors, test-taking abilities, and other characteristics that might affect the psychologists' judgments or reduce accuracy of their interpretations

do not promote use of assessment techniques by unqualified persons, except for training purposes under supervision

do not base assessment or intervention/recommendations on data or rests that are outdated 

do not base decisions or recommendation on tests and measures that are obsolete and not useful for the current purpose

when providing services, accurately describe the purpose, norms, reliability, and applications 

select scoring service (including automated) on the basis of evidence of the validity of the program and procedures as well as on other appropriate considerations 

we retain responsibility for the appropriate application, interpretation, and use of assessment intruments

regardless of who does the scoring and interpretation, we take reasonable steps to ensure that explanations of results are given to the person unless the nature of the relationship preclude provision of explanation (i.e. organization consulting, preemployment or security settings, and forensic evaluations), and this fact is clearly explained in advance

test materials refers to manuals, instruments, protocols, and test questions or stimuli and does not include test data. Make reasonable efforts to maintain the integrity and security of test materials and techniques

inform asap about nature and anticipated course of therapy,  fees, involvement of third parties, limits of confidentiality, and provide opportunity to ask questions 

when using unestablished techniques, inform clients of nature of treatment, potential risks, alternative treatments, and voluntary participation 

when a trainee, client must be notified and supervisor's name is given

take reasonable steps to clarify at the outset which of the individuals are clients and the relationship the psychologist will have with each person. This includes the psychologist's role and the likely uses of services provided or information obtained 

if it becomes apparent that we may be called on to perform potentially conflicting roles (witness to one part un divorce proceedings), take reasonable steps to clarify and modify, or withdraw from, roles appropriately

describe at the outset the roles and responsibilities of all parties and the limits of confidentiality

carefully consider the treatment issues and the potential client's welfare. openly discuss these issues in order to minimize risk of confusion or conflict, consult with other provider when appropriate, and proceed with caution and sensitivity

don't do it!

Don't do it!

Don't do it!

Don't do it for at least 2 years after termination!

Don't do it except in the most unusual circumstances after the 2 years! You will bear the burden of showing there has been no exploitation, amount of time passed since termination, nature, duration, and intensity of the therapy, circumstances of termination, the client's personal history, their mental status, and so on..... so just don't do it!

make reasonable efforts to provide for orderly and appropriate resolution of responsibility for client care in the event the work must end, with paramount consideration given to the welfare of the client

when it become reasonably clear the client no longer needs the service, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued service 

may terminate when threatened or otherwise endangered by the client or a person the client has a relationship

except when due to the client or third party payors, prior to termination provide pretermination counseling and suggest alternative service providers as appropriate

discuss the client's options with her and maintain her confidentiality unless she signs a release.

see if additional goals for treatment can be identified but, if not, set a date for termination and provide Alonzo with referrals if appropriate.

These services are acceptable but the psychologist is responsible for their appropriate application and use.

refer the man to a colleague.

discuss this issue with Glenn and consult with the other therapist after getting Glenn's approval to do so.

discuss the matter with the client and provide him with referrals if he desires.

unethical because the therapist began dating a former client immediately after terminating therapy.

You are acting unethically because the employee is not qualified to interpret psychological tests.

you may terminate therapy with the client and may contact the police to obtain protection with or without the client's consent to do so.

A

1. Providers - addresses the function of professional psychologists, and the responsibility to practice within their areas of competence, supervision, and maintaining current knowledge

2. Programs - guidelines for psychological service units. Emphasis on providing services that are responsive to the needs of the people and settings served, providing activities in ways that are consistent with APA ethical guidelines, consulting, and confidentiality

3. Accountability - reiterates general guidelines found in the Ethics Code such as the promotion of human welfare, periodic evaluations, and pro bono work.

Aspirational

Doctoral

psychological service unit

human welfare

Can consider several factors when determining competence, such as the complexity and specialized nature of the service, relevant training and experience, the preparation and study they are able to devote to the matter, and opportunity for consultation. Even when considered an expert, one may still choose to consult.

feasible

reasonable efforts

contingent

informed consent

Public domain

Competence - be aware of limits of their competence and expertise. Seek consultation or make appropriate referrals if lacking competence 

Self-awareness - be aware of how their own cultural background/experiences, attitudes, values, and biases influence their work. Use consultation or supervision to help monitor their functioning. Do no adopt the color blind approach 

culture and ethnicity - help determine whether a problem stems from racism or bias in others so that the client does not inappropriately personalize problems. Appropriate intervention can be aided by consultation with religious/spiritual leaders/practitioners of relevant belief systems. 

Language - provide written materials in understandable language. Interact with a language requested by client or make appropriate referral if not feasible. If referral is not possible offer a translator. Do not use a translator who has a dual role (e.g., family, friend, etc.)

Orienting Guidelines: Purpose of the child custody evaluation: determining the psychological best interests of the child is the primary purpose of child custody evaluations and the child's welfare is always of paramount importance 

general guidelines: preparing for the custody evaluation: address competence, functions, and roles. Courts will expect psychologists to demonstrate a level of expertise that reflects contextual insight and forensic integration as well as testing and interviewing skills. Must remain free of possible unwarranted bias or partiality. avoid multiple relationships. 

Procedural guidelines: conducting the child custody evaluation: addressed informed consent, interpretation of assessment data, and maintenance of records.

best interests

welfare

parenting attributes

Multiple relationships

reasonably understandable

multiple methods

limitations

refer Debbie to another psychologist for the evaluation.

evaluate the woman and testify about the results but do not make specific recommendations about custody without evaluating the other parent and children.

complete appropriate coursework, training, and clinical supervision.

postpone the evaluation and inform the defendant that he should discuss this matter with his attorney.

D

you may do so as long as the information you include in your book is in the public record or, if not, as long as you have obtained the consent of the defendant.

refuse to conduct the assessment and provide the family with appropriate referrals.

include only information relevant to the defendant's competence in the evaluation report.

This situation is addressed in the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology (APA, 2012). This answer is most consistent with Paragraph 10.01 of the Specialty Guidelines. It states: "Forensic examiners seek to assist the trier of fact to understand evidence or determine a fact in issue, and they provide information that is most relevant to the psycholegal issue. In reports and testimony forensic practitioners typically provide information about examinees' functional abilities, capacities, knowledge, and beliefs, and address their opinions and recommendations to the identified psycholegal issues."

TO protect the public by limiting licensure to people who are qualified to practice psychology as defined by state or provincial law

A legal concept that has various definitions depending on the jurisdiction but most reflect that a person not guilty by reason of insanity because of a mental disease or defect, that the person lack substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of the act or behave according to the requirements of the law.

A legal matter that states as the result of mental illness or defect, the defendant lacks sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him.

a person who testifies as to what he/she has seen, heard, or otherwise observed regarding a circumstance, event or occurrence as it actually took place. Generally do not provide opinions

a person who by reason of education or specialized experience possesses superior knowledge respecting a subject about which persons having no particular training are incapable of forming an accurate opinion or deducing correct conclusions. Allowed to offer opinions

a legal right given to a person to be responsible for the necessities of another person legally deemed incapable of providing these necessitates him/herself

1. there must have been a professional relationship

2. There must be a demonstrable standard of care that was breached

3. The person suffered harm or injury

4. The breach of duty within the context o the standard of care was the proximate cause of the person's harm or injury.

involves comparing the costs and benefits of an intervention in monetary terms. May be used to evaluate a single intervention or compare two or more interventions. Difficult in that it may be hard to assign a monetary value to an intervention's outcomes

is useful when the interventions to be compared have similar goals, but it is not possible to assign a monetary value to their outcomes. Costs are expressed in monetary terms but outcomes are expressed in measurable (but nonmonetary) terms such as the number of clients who drop out of therapy or scores on a measure of symptoms severity

involves evaluation alternative interventions by comparing their costs with the value of their outcomes in terms of healthy years of life

used to evaluate the feasibility of one or more interventions on the basis of monetary and other resources they would require. The purpose of CFA is to determine if an intervention is worth considering. Does not take into account the outcomes of an intervention

used to determine the least costly option that produces equivalent outcomes.

used to determine the reduction in medical costs obtained by providing a mental health or other non-medical intervention. Involves comparing the costs incurred when implementing the intervention with the medical costs saved as as result.

A

B

B

B

a measure of basic knowledge of psychology.

protect the public.

B

C