Six Fundamental Tasks of Parenting: Ensuring Safety and Sustenance, Stimulating and Instructing, Giving Socioemotional Support, Monitoring and Surveillance, Structuring, and Providing Social Connectedness
True
18th-Century Views
(Changing Conceptualization of Children in Great Britian)
C) Romantic Child (in literature, poetry)
Which is not considered to be an authority of parenting beliefs throughout history?
B) Teachers
Physicians were also one of the four professions thought to be an authority of parenting beliefs.
The role that parents play in child development is commonly referred to as
socialization
Training in order to produce a specific outcome or pattern of behavior. Often, this involves some type of punishment.
discipline
Mental acceptance of and conviction in the truth or validity of something
beliefs
The ability to control one's own emotions.
emotion regulation
Of which of the six fundamental tasks of parenting does the following relate:
Providing food, housing, clothing
Accessing health care
Protecting
Ensuring Safety and Sustenance
Of which of the six fundamental tasks of parenting does the following relate:
Structuring the environment
Organizing the child's day
Providing routines
Structuring
Of which of the six fundamental tasks of parenting does the following relate:
Watching
Collecting information
Communicating with the child
Monitoring and Surveillance
Of which of the six fundamental tasks of parenting does the following relate:
Loving
Disciplining
Modeling
Giving Socioemotional Support
Of which of the six fundamental tasks of parenting does the following relate:
Connecting with family and relatives
Forming peer relationships
Joining institutions/organizations (e.g., religious, sports)
Providing Social Connectedness
Of which of the six fundamental tasks of parenting does the following relate:
Making available toys and learning materials
Coaching
Encouraging achievement
Stimulating and Instructing
Recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli
perceptions
What is adult-centered view of children?
Thinking about children from the parent's perspective or with the parent's needs in mind.
When did the adult-centered view of children begin to change?
16th century
What is child-centered view of children?
Thinking about children from the child's perspective or with the child's needs in mind.
What are social constructions?
Beliefs about children and parents that are invented or constructed by participants in a culture or society. Also known as cultural inventions.
In his book, Centuries of Childhood (1962), French historian Philippe Ariès believed that during the Middle Ages (476 - 1453 CE) children from age seven were considered to be small adults and adult centered view did not change until the 16th century.
True
He inferred this from examining children's portraits and other paintings depicting children.
Hendrick presents a conceptualization of "themes" of childhood throughout history what are the main grouping of these views?
18th century, 19th century and 20th century views
Hendrick's 18th century views were broken down into which four themes?
Natural child (Rousseau's Emile)
Romantic child (in literature, poetry)
Evangelical child (religious views)
Wage-Earner child (child labor)
Hendrick's 19th century views were broken down into which four themes?
Delinquent child (unsocialized, misbehaving)
Schooled child (compulsory schooling)
Child-Study Child (beginning of research)
Children of the Nation (child reforms)
What was Hendricks 20th century view of children?
Psychological Child(in the family)
Who are the four authorities throughout history that influenced conceptions about socialization?
(socialization is the role parents play in child development)
religious leaders
philosophers
physicians (pediatricians)
psychologists
Sacred writings had many views about children and parents. Which topics were the descriptions often limited to
significance of love and discipline
what is proper behavior
importance of children's learning of morality (sense of right or wrong)
Three of the world's great theistic religions (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam), share emphasis on the family and encourage parents to devote considerable time and attention to their children. What did Judaism (the Torah) and Chrisitianity (the Old Testament) generally give prescriptions to
how parents should treat their children
how children should behave
virtues that children should develope (e.g. being honest, having humility, caring for others, and respecting parents as well as elders)
How are Islamic views of development similar to Judaism and Christianity?
Islam promotes character development and such values as patience, honesty, forgiveness and respect for parents.
How are Islamic views of development different to Judaism and Christianity?
Islamic views emphasize the importance of maintaining family izzat (pride, honor and self-respect). There are possible incidents of "honor killing" when Muslim family members murder a female relative if she is suspected of bringing dishonor on the famliy.
In China, Confucius, the father of Confucianism, also emphasized filial piety ("Parents are always right") as well as six other values which are
respect for elders
group identification
harmony
self-discipline
achievement
interdependence (family is mutually reliant on each other)
"St. Augustine of Hippo", first and most influential theologizn, developed the doctrine that children were tainted by
original sin
"No man is clean of sin, not even an infant who has lived but a day upon earth"
From Adam and Eve, everyone inherited their willful and evilness.
The Protestant Reformation of Martin Luther (1483-1546 CE) adopted which view of fathers
patriarchal view of families. Fathers are the authority and moral guide
patriarchal is structuring of society where fathers in the family units have the primary authority.
What did John Calvin (1509-1564 CE) believe of children and what did he advocate to address this belief?
children by nature are sinful and parents had the important role of correcting their behavior with religion (God). Parents must educate and discipline their children to save them from their sinful ways. Discipline should not be indulgent and administered in a kind way so that children will cheerfully obey.
How did Puritan John Robinson's (1575-1625) differ from Calvin's idea of gentle and kind discipline?
John Robinson advice consisted of mostly using harsh punishment. Fathers should be the disciplinarians and correct their mother's indulgence. Many puritan ministers accepted this belief that harsh punishment was necessary for children to restrain their innate evilness and become faithful adults.
what was Englishman and founder of Methodist Church, John Wesley (1703-1791) view of what was essential for children development?
Frequent use of corporal (physical) punishment. He believed disobedience was moral disorder and advocated "breaking the child's will"
Who influenced Wesley's views and produced a letter in 1732 containing rules that described their child rearing philosophy? What were the principals these rules centered around?
Susannah, Wesley's mother, wrote a letter and those rules centered on the following four principles:
establishing habits
developing morals
disciplining
encouraging religious beliefs
What are Susannah Wesley's rules for child rearing with regards to Daily Routines?
"On Daily Routines:
Establish routines right from birth.
For older children,do not allow snacking between meals.
Children are to be in bed by 8 P.M.
Girls should be taught to read before they are taught to do housework"
What are Susannah Wesley's rules for child rearing with regards to On Mortality?
"On Morality:
Teach children about individual property rights, even in smallest matters.
Commend and reward obedient behavior.
Acts intended to please the parent, even if poorly performed, should be accepted kindly.
Do not beat children who confess to misbehavior."
What are Susannah Wesley's rules for child rearing with regards to On Punishment?
"On Punishment:
Never allow a sinful act to go unpunished.
Never punish a child twice for the same misbehavior.
Teach children to fear the rod by 12 months of age and to cry softly."
What are Susannah Wesley's rules for child rearing with regards to On Religion and Sin?
"On Religion and Sin:
Teach children to pray as soon as they can speak.
Conquer a child’s will; self-will is the root of all sin and misery."
How did colonial america differ from certain Puritan populations authoritarian child-rearing practices ?
Colonial American Puritans believed in corporal punishment as a last resort to deal with disobedience and stubbornness. Shame (such as public displays of the offending person) was considered a more effective technique to develop a strong sense of right and wrong.
After John Wesley, what were the views of clergy and churches about children and punishment?
"802–1876
Horace Bushnell
United States
Parental Guidance
2004
United Methodist Church passed a resolution to end corporal punishment
2012
Presbyterian Church USA passed a resolution to end corporal punishment"
John Locke, the English physician and philosopher, (1632-1704) he rejected the belief that childer will inately sinful. What were his general beliefs?
influence of environment, need for early stimulation and parental encouragement of mature behavior.
Swiss-born Frenchman Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712-1778) believed society influences corrupted children and also rejected the idea of original sin. How did his beliefs differ from Lockes?
He did not believe childern were able to reason before 12 years of age. He believed that children had positive inclinations and did not need parental guidance. However, girls requred specialized education to prepare them for motherhood.
What were the influences for Physician's child development advice?
Most of early physicians based their beliefs on personal ideas rather than medical knowledge. Alos there was a high rate of infant illnesses and death. So most advice was on the physical care of infants.
Which two American physicians stand out as being particularly influential on child-rearing practices?
Dr. Luther Emmet Holt (1855-1924) and Dr Benjamin Spock (1946 - present). Dr. Benjamin Spock changed some of the suggested practices and advice since 1946. Dr. Spock died in 1998 but his book is still being published with help of co-author Needleman.
