Organic Chemistry

• Early definition: related to compounds obtained only from living things 
• - inorganic compounds are compounds obtained from minerals 

- Today it is a major branch of chemistry that deals with compounds of carbon, called organic compounds

Living or previously living things, such as plants, animals and all type of fossil fuels

Carbon compounds that are considered exception are inorganic compounds like 

- Oxides carbon monoxide (CO(g)) and carbon dioxide (CO2(g))

- Ionic compounds of carbon-based compounds, such as carbonate CO3^2-, cyanide CN-, and carbide ions, SiC (silicon carbide)

Polymerism is when carbon can bond extensively and can bond together to form effective chains.

Same chemical composition but different structure

Alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, cycloalkenes, alkynes, cycloakynes, benzene, organic halides,alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters

Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbons

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and their cyclos could be hydrocarbons

Organic Compounds not containing benzene/phenyl branch

Organic compounds containing benzene/phenyl branch

Organic Compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and an atom

Organic halides, alcohol, caboxylic acids and esters are hydrocarbon derivatives

• - molecular formula
• - structural formula
• - condense structural formula
• - line diagrams

• - are hydrocarbons (contain H and C only)
• - have only single bonds between carbons (saturated)
• - have the formula CnH2n+2

• 1C - meth
• 2C - eth
• 3C - prop
• 4C - but 
• 5C - pent
• 6C - hex
• 7C - hept
• 8C - oct 
• 9C - non 
• 10C - dec

“Ane”

- Root describes the number of carbons present in the chain 

- suffix describes the type of organic compound.

• - a branch is any group of atom that is not part of the main structure of the molecule which is the longest chains of carbon or parent chain 
• - a hydrocarbon branch is called an alkyl branch 

• - Branches are named using a prefix and ends with “yl”
• - it is important that you specify (number) which carbon the branch is added to (unless there is only one choice)

- if there is more than one of the same branch use di,tri,tetra….

• - cyclic hydrocarbons (ring)
• - only single bonds
• - saturated 
• - formula: CnH2n

Add "cyclo” to the start of the name of the parent chain

• - will contain a double bond between carbons (unsaturated hydrocarbon)
• CnH2n
• - suffix is “ene” 

• - you must number the carbon the double bond is attached to (place in front of the ene or other possible suffix)
• - carbons must be numbered from th end closest to the double bonds
• - longest chain (/parent chain) must include double bond)

• - alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain triple bonds
• - CnHn2-2
• - suffix is “yne

• - main structure molecule/parent chain containing more than one double bond. 
• - same formula as alkynes CnH2n-2 
• - the suffix used when there is two double bonds is “dienes”

• - Start with cyclo
• - unsaturated 

Cycloalkenes formula: CnH2n-2

Cycloalkyns formula: CnH2n-4

If there is only one single or triple bonds, you do not need to number the bond in the name

- an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula of C6H6

- to name a benzene molecule with one branch just name the branch and add add benzene on at the end

- when benzene accs as a branch it is called phenyl (C6H5)

A characteristic arrangement of atom within a molecule that determines its most important chemical and physical properties

• - Organic halides are organic compounds where one or more hydrogen has been replaced with the functional group halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)
• - are hydrocarbon derivatives 
• - Formula: R-X (where R is some organic compound and X is some halogen) 

• Prefixes of the functional group Halogen:
• F - Fluoro
• Cl - chloro
• B - Bromo
• I - iodo

- To name Organic halides, name the branches (including the functional group branches) and then the parent chain

• - alcohols are organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl group
• - Formula: R-OH (R is some organic compound, OH is hydroxide)

- To name Alcohols locate the longest chain that contains an OH group. Name the branches and then name the parent chain by replacing the -e at the ne dog the name of the parent chain with -ol (eg butane  becomes butanol)

- number the main chain in a way that that the alcohol has the lowest possible number 

- Polyalcohols are molecules containing more than one -OH group

- A hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula OH (hydroxide) attached to it.

• - an organic compound containing the functional group carboxyl
• - Will be at the end of a chain
• - found in food with sour taste (citric acid) 
• - have high boiling points (H-bonding) 
• - organic acids containing 1-4 carbons are soluble in water due to having hydrogen bonding
• - organic acids with 6 or more carbons are almost insoluble in water. 
• - turns litmus blue to red

• - Formula: R-COOH
• - suffi: replace the -e at the end of the parent chain with oic acid 

- Carboxyl group is a group composed of a carbon atom doubled bonded to oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group

- Carboxylic acids are numbered in a way that the carboxylic group is always give position group.

• - an organic compound containing the functional group ester
• - esters occurs naturally as odours produced by plants and fruits 
• - because do not H-boding, tends to have lower boiling points than alcohols and carboxylic acids 

• - Formula: R1-COO-R2 
• (R2 is the hydrocarbon branch and R1 is the alkane chain/parent chain)
• - suffix: replace the -oic acid ending of the parent chain with -oate. 

Esters are named by naming the alkyl group (R2)    C-O attached to the parent and chain and then naming the parent chain (R1) C=O