Lecture: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships
• among body parts

the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

• False
• All specific functions are performed by specific structures.

• 1) gross (macroscopic)
• 2) microscopic

• aka: macroscopic
• examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
• (no you're gross .... jk) :D you're pretty.

examination of structures that cannot be seen without magnification

• 1) surface anatomy
• 2) regional anatomy
• 3) systemic anatomy
• 4) development anatomy
• 5) clinical anatomy
• just memorize this somehow...

study of general form & superficial markings

study of specific area of body: like head, neck, trunk

study of structure of organ systems

• study of changes that occur between conception & physical maturity
• ex: Embryology: study of changes during 1st two months

Medical, radiographic, surgical anatomy

• 1) cytology
• 2) histology

study of structure of individual cells

study of structure of tissues

• 1) cell physiology
• 2) special physiology
• 3) systemic physiology
• 4) pathological physiology

study of function of cells (within & between)

• study of function of specific organs
• ex: Cardiac

study of function of organ system

study of effect of diseases on organ or system functions

• 1) molecule
• 2) cell
• 3) tissue
• 4) organ
• 5) organ system
• 6) organism

• aka: chemical level
• atoms combine to form molecules

cells and their organelles; smallest living unit in body

group of cells working together to perform specialized function

organs consist of 2 or more tissues working in combination

• organ interactions to form a system
• Ex: Cardiovascular system—heart, blood, lungs

highest level of organization; human

• 1. Integumentary
• 2. Skeletal
• 3. Muscular
• 4. Nervous
• 5. Endocrine
• 6. Cardiovascular
• 7. Lymphatic
• 8. Respiratory
• 9. Digestive
• 10. Urinary
• 11. Male reproductive
• 12. Female reproductive
• (just say these many times in your head into you live, eat, breathe the organ systems that makes who you are).

• major organs:
• 1) skin, 2) hair, 3) sweat glands, 4) nails
• functions:
• 1) protects against environmental hazards, 2) helps regulate body temperature, 3) provides sensory information

• major organs:
• 1) bones, 2) cartilages, 3) associated ligaments, 4) bone marrow
• functions:
• 1) provides support and protection for other tissues, 2) stores calcium and other minerals, 3) forms blood cells

• major organs:
• 1) skeletal muscles and associated tendons
• functions:
• 1) provides movement, 2) provides protection and support for other tissues, 3) generates heat that maintains body temperature

• major organs:
• 1) brain, 2) spinal cord, 3) peripheral nerves, 4) sense organs
• functions:
• 1) directs immediate responses to stimuli, 2) coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, 3) provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

• major organs:
• 1) pituitary gland, 2) thyroid gland, 3) pancreas, 4) adrenal glands, 5) gonads (testes and ovaries), 6) endocrine tissues in other systems
• functions:
• 1) directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, 2) adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, 3) controls many structural and functional changes during development

• major organs:
• 1) heart, 2) blood, 3) blood vessels
• functions:
• 1) distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, 2) distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

• major organs:
• 1) spleen, 2) thymus, 3) lymphatic vessels, 4) lymph nodes, 5) tonsils
• functions:
• 1) defends against infection and disease, 2) returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

• major organs:
• 1) nasal cavities, 2) sinuses, 3) larynx, 4) trachea, 5) bronchi, 6) lungs, 7) alveoli
• functions:
• 1) delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), 2) provides oxygen to bloodstream, 3) removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, 4) produces sounds for communication

• major organs:
• 1) teeth, 2) tongue, 3) pharynx, 4) esophagus, 5) stomach, 6) small intestine, 7) large intestine, 8) liver, 9) gallbladder, 10) pancreas
• functions:
• 1) processes and digests food, 2) absorbs and conserves water, 3) absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats, 4) stores energy reserves

• major organs:
• 1) kidneys, 2) ureters, 3) urinary bladder, 4) urethra
• functions:
• 1) excretes waste products from the blood, 2) controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, 3) stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, 4) regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

• major organs:
• 1) testes, 2) epididymis, 3) ductus deferens, 4) seminal vesicles, 5) prostate gland, 6) penis, 7) scrotum
• functions:
• 1) produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones

• major organs:
• 1) ovaries, 2) uterine tubes, 3) uterus, 4) vagina, 5) labia, 6) clitoris, 7) mammary glands
• functions:
• 1) produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, 2) supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, 3) provides milk to nourish newborn infant

hands are at your side, palms facing forward, feet together

• 1) supine
• 2) prone

• person laying down face up in the anatomical position
• REMEMBER: you are hold bowls of SOUP so your palms should be facing up.

• person laying down face down in the anatomical position
• REMEMBER: you are POURING those bowls of SOUP, so palms face down. (ouch don't burn yourself).

• 1) anterior
• 2) ventral
• 3) posterior or dorsal
• 4) cranial or cephalic
• 5) superior
• 6) caudal
• 7) inferior
• 8) medial
• 9) lateral
• 10) proximal
• 11) distal
• 12) superficial
• 13) deep

• the front; before
• ex: the navel is on the anterior surface of the trunk

• the belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to human body)
• ex: the navel is on the ventral surface of the trunk

• the back; behind
• ex: the shoulder blade is located posterior to the rib cage

• the head
• ex: the cranial, or cephalic, border of the pelvis is on the side toward the head rather than toward the thigh

• above; at a higher level (in human body, toward the head)
• ex: in humans, the cranial border of the pelvis is superior to the thigh

• the tail (coccyx in humans)
• ex: the hips are caudal to the waist

• below; at a lower level
• ex: the knees are inferior to the hips

• toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane
• ex: the medial surfaces of the thighs may be in contact; moving medially from the arm across the chest surface brings you to the sternum

• away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane
• ex: the thigh articulates with the lateral surface of the pelvis; moving laterally from the nose brings you to the cheeks

• toward an attached base
• ex: the thigh is proximal to the foot; moving proximally from the wrist brings you to the elbow

• away from an attached base
• ex: the fingers are distal to the wrist; moving distally from the elbow brings you to the wrist

• at, near, or relatively close to the body surface
• ex: the skin is superficial to underlying structures

• farther from the body surface
• the bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles
• (oh em gee, why are the examples mostly about the thighs and the pelvis ... what's going on with the author ....)

• 1) transverse
• 2) frontal/ coronal
• 3) sagittal

• lies at right angles to the long axis of the body; dividing it into superior and inferior portions
• - Cut in this plane is referred to as cross section

parallel to long axis of body extending from side to side; divides body into anterior and posterior portions

• parallel to long axis of body and extending from front to back; divides body into left and right portions
• -Cut along midline is midsagittal section; cut parallel to midsagittal line is parasagittal section

internal chambers in which many vital organs are suspended

• 1) Protect delicate organs (brain, spinal cord) from accidental shocks and cushions them (from bumps when we walk, run, jump)
• 2) Permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs; lungs, stomach urinary bladder can all expand or contract without distorting surrounding tissues or organs

• 1) Thoracic cavity + 2) Abdominopelvic cavity
• Separated by diaphragm

• contains:
• 1) Left & right pleural cavities - Lungs (left and right)
• 2) Mediastinum
• 3) heart (Pericardial cavity)

• contains:
• 1) Abdominal cavity = Liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of large intestine + Peritoneal cavity: within dominal (the red outline!!) Chamber lined by serous membrane called peritoneum.**kidneys & pancreas are retroperitoneal (not within the peritoneal cavity part (so outside of the read outline!!!)
• 2) Pelvic cavity = Distal portion of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
•