Specialized cells that are capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials.
sensory receptors or sensory nerve
what are the types of sensory receptors?
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
photoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nocicereceptors
Respond to mechanical stimuli.
Mechanoreceptors
Responds to chemicals.
Chemoreceptors
Responds to light.
Photoreceptors
Responds to temperature.
thermoreceptors
Responds to stimuli that results in the sensation of pain.
Nocicereceptors
The _________ senses have sensory receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body.
general receptors
The general receptors includes:
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature
Vibration
Itch
Proprioception
The sense of movement and position of the body and limbs.
proprioception
Many of the receptors for the general senses are associated with the skin.Others are associated with deeper structures such as tendons, ligaments and muscles.
TRUE or FALSE?
True
The simplest and most common type of sensory receptors are _________.
free nerve endings
Pain receptors are stimulated at temperature below 12°C or above 47°C
TRUE or FALSE
True
Structurally more complex than free nerve endings.
Touch receptors
What are the different types of touch receptors?
Merkel disk
Hair follicle receptors
Meissner corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Detects light touches, and superficial pressure.
Merkel disk
Associated with the hair, also involved in detecting light touches.
Hair follicle receptors
Light touch receptors are very sensitive but not very discriminative, meaning
point being touched cannot be precisely located.
Receptor for fine, discriminative touch and are located just deep to the epidermis.
Meissner corpuscles
Deeper tactile receptors and plays an important role in detecting continuous pressure in the skin.
Ruffini corpuscle
Are the deepest receptors and are associated with tendons and joints.
Pacinian corpuscle
Rank the touch receptors from superficial to deepest:
hair follicle corpuscles
merkel disc
Meissner corpuscle
Ruffini corpuscle
Pascinian corpuscle
Our sense of _______ is important to our ability to maintain posture and to form all the various body movements.
This allows us to maintain posture and balance without constantly thinking about it.
proprioception
A reflex that allows us to maintain an upright position even if our body is on 'uneven ground'.
righting reflex
What is meant by tactile sensations, in the types of light touches?
This are perceptible touches where pressure can be located. Opposite that of discriminative touches.
_________ is characterized by a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences.
Pain
What are the two types of pain sensation and their definition:
1. Localized- sharp,pricking, or cutting pain resulting from RAPIDLY conducted action potential
2. Diffused- burning or aching pain resulting from action potential propagated more SLOWLY.
TRUE or FALSE
Our perception of pain location differs depending on the types of receptors involved.
TRUE
Superficial pain are highly ________ because of the presence of _______.
localized,tactile receptors(touch receptors)
Deep or visceral pain sensation are not highly localized because of the ____________.They are normally perceived as diffused pain.
tactile receptors.
Tactile receptors are only present on the skin which is more superficial.
Perception of pain can be distrupted through __________.
Anesthesia
Differentiate local and general anesthesia.
Local anesthesia suppress action potential from pain receptors in local areas of the body through injection.
(Specific areas only.)
General anesthesia is used when unconcious.
A type of pain that is perceived to originate in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus.
Referred pain
Why does referred pain occurs?
Sensory neurons from the superficial area to which the pain is referred and the neurons from the deeper, visceral area where the pain stimulation originates converge onto the same ascending neurons in the spinal cord.
TRUE or FALSE
Olfaction is the only major sensation that is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without first passing the thalamus.
True
Although all taste bud are able to detect all five of the basic taste sensations, each taste bud is usually most sensitive to one class of taste stimuli.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Many taste sensations are strongly influenced by olfactory sensations.
True. The sense of taste is reduced while the nose is pinched.
What cranial nerves carry taste sensations?
Facial - ⅔ of the anterior tongue
Glossopharyngeal ⅓ of the posterior tongue
Vagus- root of the tongue
What are the accessory structures of the eyes?
eyebrow
eyelids
conjuctiva
lacromal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
Protects,lubricates and moves the eye.
Accessory structures of the eye
It protects the eyes by preventing perspiration from running down the forehead and into the eyes causing irritation.
Eyebrows
Protects the eyes from foreign objects.
Eyelids with associated lashes
A thin transparent mucus membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and anterior surface of the eye.
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus consists of:
lacrimal gland - superior lateral corner pf the orbit
nasolacrimal duct - inferior medial corner of the orbit
Produces fluid we call tears.
Lacrimal gland.
What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles?
superior
inferior
medial
lateral
superior oblique
inferior oblique
What are the muscles of the eyes?
Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Nervous tunic
The outer, layer of the eye is _______. It consist of _______ and ________.
fibrous tunic
sclera and cornea
The middle layer of the eye which consist of ________, __________,and __________.
vascular tunic
ciliary body
iris
choroid
The innermost layer of the eye consisting of ________.
Nervous tunic
Retina
The firm, white,outer connective tissue layer of the fibrous tunic. It helps maintain the shape pf the eye,protects the internal structures, and provides attachment sites for the extrinsic eye muscles.
sclera
The tunic of the eye which contains the blood vessels of the eye.
vascular tunic
The very thin structure consist of a vascular network and many melanin containing pigment cells,causing it to appear black.
choroid
TRUE or FALSE
The black color reflect light, so that is not absorbed inside the eye. If it were reflected inside the eye, the reflection would interfere with visiion.
False.
The black color absorbs light, so that is not reflected inside the eye.
Where the light passes through the eyes.
Pupil
It regulates the diameter of the pupil, which controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Iris
Parasympathetic stimulation,causes the circular smooth muscles of the iris to
contract
Sympathetic stimulation causes radial smooth muscles of the iris to contract, ________ the pupil.
dilating
When light increases, the pupil ________.
When light decreases, the pupil ________.
increase - constricts
decrease- dilates
The part of the ears that involves hearing.
The external ear, and middle ear
The part of the ear where hearing and balance are involved.
inner ear
What are the parts of the external ear?
Auricle
External auditory canal
to the
Tympanic membrane
The fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head.It collects sound waves and directs them towards the external auditory canal.
auricle
A passage that leads to the eardrum.
external auditory canal
A thin memebrane that separates the external ear from the middle eatlr.
tympanic membrane
The middle ear contains 3 auditory ossicles:
malleus
incus
stapes
The auditory ossicles form a flexible, bony bridge that transmit vibrations from the ________ to the _________.
tympanic membrane to the oval window
Hearing process involves two major steps:
1.Conduction- involved structures of outer,middle and inner ears.
