A&P Chapter 4: The Tisssue level of organization

Collections of specialized cels tjat perform a group function

The study of tissues

• Epithelial
• Connectibe
• Nervour
• Micle tissue

Cobers ans lines passageways organs ans chambers

Provides structural support transports materials stores energy and defends against infection

Contractile tissue results in moveement also generates heat to warmthe body

Chemical and electrical communicator tissue that carries messsages from one part of the body to another

• Cellilarity
• Polarity
• Attachment
• Avascularity
• Regeneration

All. Ells boind together with very little mayerial between the cells

Has orientation with a finctional dirrection on side is exposed valled the apival surface

Surface where cell is eposed to an internal or external enviorment

where apical surface faces in apical surface sucreeyes into lumen and absorbs fron the lumen

Similar to micrivilli but very long the do not move mayerials

Move material witha coordinated beat

Base ans side attachment surfaces

Basal lamina(not membranebecause it is acellular) base of epithelium attacjed to basal lamina the basal lamina is secteated by cells

Deeper layer than basal lamina and has fiber bundels in it

Tramsmembrane proteins bind to each other and extracellular materials such as the basal lamina

Bonds adjacent cells with proteoglycans

Polysaccharide derivative in intercellular cement

Interlocking junctional proteins between cells. Nieher ions nor water can pass

cells held together by interlocking membrane channel proteins. Great foe electical and chemichal communi ation between cells

Dense areas of cell membrane anchored into cytoskeleton

No blood vessels nutrients and waste exchange is via absorption or diffusion throgh the exposed surface or attached surface

Casual replacement and repair from underlying germative cells

Stem cells that are used by the body to regenerate the skin

• Provides physical protection -physical barierbinside ans outside of the organisim protects from abrasion and dehydration provides fist line of defense
• Controlls permiability- the epithelial linining can change in order to allow thing in or keep things out
• Provides sensation- specialized epi cells can detect changes In the enviorment and communicate with the nervous system
• Produces specialized secretions- gland cells

Sensory cells in epithelim that detect stimuli for sight smell taste equlibrium and healing

Where most of the epithelium consists od gland cells

• Simple: singel layer of cells
• Stratified more than one layer of cells

One layer of columnar cells with the apperance of miti-layers of cells

Stratified epohelial that can strech to few layers. Transitional because the cells. Hange in appearence depending on how streched the tissue is

• Squamos-thin flat irregular in shape cells like puzzle peices from a birds eye view has six sides has a flat nucleus in cross section view.
• Cubodial: cube chaped cells with central roind nucleus.
• Columnar: colum like cells in shape more cytoplasm thsn nucleus look like rectangles

Endocrine glands and exocrine glands

(Ductless) secretions released into the bloodstreem to affect another part of the body

(ducts) secretions arre relesedbthrough ducts into immediate surrounding areas

Tubular passageways that directly collect and release sectetions right onto epithelial surfaces

Merocrine, aprocrine, holocrine,

Secretion released by exocytosos ex saliva mucus

Lose the apical portion of the glandular cell with the sevretion ex underarm perspiration mamary gland secretions

Entire cell becomes packed with secretory productsand then ruptures ex sabaceous glands

Individul secretory cell example goblet cells in trachea secrete mucins

Multiple secretory cells gathered or organized together ex mucin secreting cells on the stomach lining for a protevtive sheet in order to line the stomach

• 45% of our body weight is coposed of this they also share three components:
• They have specialized cells like fibroblasts osteocytes and macrophagesthey have extracellular protein fibers and they contain ground substance blood and bone have all of this

Collogen elastic ans recticular tussue

Examples arr fibroblasts osteocytes and macrophages

Extracellular fluid that can be viscous with proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The more viscous the ground substance te slower the pathogens can move through it making pathogens an easier target

Extracellular protein fibers plus ground substance

• Structure (bone)
• Trandport -blood
• Protects- bone
• Supportive structure- carilage
• Store energy -fat
• Defensive-blood lymph, loose connective tissue

Loose ans dense

Blood and lymph

Cartilage and bone

Most abundant ell resident in connective tissue proper secrete hyaluronan and protein fibers

Defensive cell that phagocytizes(eats) pathogens ans presents them to the immune system

Fat cells store lipid droplets

Stem cells that aid durring the course of an infection or in repair of an injury mesochymal cells provide daughter cells that can specialize (differentiate) and replace injured and dead cells

Synhesize and store the pigment melanain

Carry histamine granuals to stimulate local inflamatory responses

Circulating defenders and plasma cells

Antibody producing and secreting cells which attack pathogens

First line of defense that arrive at the site of an infection, phagocytic, granualar, dead neutrophils and cell debris=pus)

Hot pink granules some phagocytosois attack parasites

Long straight unbranchrd (rope) made of collagen protein. It is tough ans strong ex tendons ligaments

Also made of collogen proteins but thinner fiber than collagen fibers form an inyerwovem meshwork that is strong ans flexible to set the area for functional cell to work in example spleen

Made of elastin protein can be branched and wavy and can return to original size and shape ex elastic ligaments

Patients have a defective glycoprotein (fribalin- normally gives connective tissue its strenght and flexibility) in the connective tissue affects all tissue with any connective tissue component especially the cardiovascular system and bone formation

Coushins the body and fills space

Least specialized of adult connective tissues can contain all cell types and fibers. Most of its volume is ground substance has a loose framework ex lamina propria of the digestive track

Provides padding to absorb shock as well as insulate and store enerygy

The adipocytes in adults that store large lipid droplets

In babiesnand young children between the shoulder blades and aroun upper body and neck which break down fat and generate heat to be circulated they are dark in appreance due to high mitocondrial concentrations and they are highly vascularized

Soft internal skeleton (stroma) of recticular fibers for special cells to work in ex spleen re bone marrow lymph node and liver

Bundels of protein fibers (collogen or elastic) organized in parallel alighnment ex tendons aponeuroses ligaments elastic ligaments

Interwoven meshwork that lends strenght and support ex organ capsules can take presure from sifferent directions

Contains RBC's WBC's platelets asma that move rapidly through pur circulation

Fluid contents of lymphnatic vessels that is similar in compostition to the intestinal fluid it carries WBC's as well as lymphocytez and components to large to be carried by capilaries

Cartilage and bone

Avascular and waste diffuse through matrix its matrix is made up of chondrotin sulfates that combine with proteins to make porteoglycans

Cartilage cells

Produced by chondrocytes so no blood vessels grow in the cartilage

Strong and somewhat flexible most abundant type of cartilage in our body. Packe with cologen fiber that are evenly distributed found in places such as the articulating surfaces of bones T synovial joints (redu e friction between bones) costal cartilage, supports the larynx trachea bronchi and form part of the nasal septum

Made with elastic fibers provided support Nd tolerates distortion can be found in the pinna of the ear auditory canal and the cuneiform cartelige of larynx

Has litttle ground substance and bundlesmof collogen fibers resisys compression limits relative movement and prevents bone to bone contact ex pads within the knee joints

(Vascular ) canaliculi + osten central canals+ perforating canals. Matrix of bone has minimL liquid surriunding calcium phosphate(about 2/3 bone wieght) and calcium hydro-xide

Combination of epithelial tissues ans connective tissues

In digestive track reproductive track urinary track and repiratory track mucins( moucius= mucin + water) are secreted by goblet cells or mulicellular gland cells

Line internalndivisions of the ventral cavity (pleura pertoneum, and pericardium) and secrete serous fluid

Skin thick waterproof and dry made of stratified epithelium areolar connective tissue wih adipose tissue a d dense irregular connective tissue

Line the synovial joints are a combination of areolar connective tissueand incomplete epihelium secrete synovial fluid

• Fifty percent of our body weoght is this
• Two types of ths skeletal ans cardiac

Striations come from repeated patterns of myosin and actin filaments organized in sarcomeres

Mucsle cells long and slender

Adult skelital mucles isnincapablen of dividing. New mucle is generated by satellites cells for repair and building

Straiated involuntaryhas crdiocytes intercalated discs and pacemaker cells

Cardiac mucle cells 1-5 nucleate/cells is shorter than skelital fibers

Neccesary for intracellular communication made of gap junctions, intercellular cemet, and desmosomes

Specialized cadiac mucle cells that help regulate the rate of heart contractions

In the walls of blood vessels hollow organs along the digestive track and repiratory track

2% of body wieght

Specialzed cells that form and tranferr electrical impulses from one end of the body to another

Contains nucleus

Neurons projections from the cell body to recieve stimili

Nerve fibers impulse travels from cell body through an axon to the next nerve or an effector tissue

Support cells of nurons

Damaged cells signal for help dialate vessels and increase permiability of local capilaries phagocytes enter and clean up

Tissue damage and then death through the release of lusosomal enzymes

Dead dying cells cell debris spent neutrophils and fluid

Accumilation of pus

Damaged tissues are replaced for more normal function or necrotic tissue replaced by scar tissue to heal a wound

Decreased bone strengthto the point that they are brittle and susceptibility of breaking easily

Person that studies disease states

Sample of tissue for diagnosis

Change of cell shape

Change of cell shape enought to distort tissue structure and therefore tissue's function

Cells become tumor cells ans tissue organization breaks down abnormal genes are expressed

CAUTION

• C: change in bowel or bladder habits
• A: a sore that does not heal
• U: unusual bleeding or discharge
• T: thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
• I: indegestion or dificulty swollowing
• O: obvious change in wart or mole
• N: nagging cough or hoarsness