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Tissies
Collections of specialized cels tjat perform a group function
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Histology
The study of tissues
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For tupes of tissies
- Epithelial
- Connectibe
- Nervour
- Micle tissue
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Epithelial tissue
Cobers ans lines passageways organs ans chambers
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Connective tissues
Provides structural support transports materials stores energy and defends against infection
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Mucle tissue
Contractile tissue results in moveement also generates heat to warmthe body
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Nervous tissue
Chemical and electrical communicator tissue that carries messsages from one part of the body to another
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Epihelia tissue characteristics
- Cellilarity
- Polarity
- Attachment
- Avascularity
- Regeneration
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Cellularity
All. Ells boind together with very little mayerial between the cells
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Polarity
Has orientation with a finctional dirrection on side is exposed valled the apival surface
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Apical surfacr
Surface where cell is eposed to an internal or external enviorment
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Lumen
where apical surface faces in apical surface sucreeyes into lumen and absorbs fron the lumen
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Stereocilia
Similar to micrivilli but very long the do not move mayerials
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Ciliayed epithelium
Move material witha coordinated beat
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Basolateral surface
Base ans side attachment surfaces
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Basement attachment
Basal lamina(not membranebecause it is acellular) base of epithelium attacjed to basal lamina the basal lamina is secteated by cells
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Reticular lamina
Deeper layer than basal lamina and has fiber bundels in it
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Cell adhesion molecules
Tramsmembrane proteins bind to each other and extracellular materials such as the basal lamina
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Intracellular cement
Bonds adjacent cells with proteoglycans
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Hyaluronan
Polysaccharide derivative in intercellular cement
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Tight junction
Interlocking junctional proteins between cells. Nieher ions nor water can pass
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Gap junction
cells held together by interlocking membrane channel proteins. Great foe electical and chemichal communi ation between cells
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Desmosome and hemidesmososmes
Dense areas of cell membrane anchored into cytoskeleton
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Avascularity
No blood vessels nutrients and waste exchange is via absorption or diffusion throgh the exposed surface or attached surface
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Regeneration
Casual replacement and repair from underlying germative cells
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Germative cells
Stem cells that are used by the body to regenerate the skin
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Epithelial tissue functions
- Provides physical protection -physical barierbinside ans outside of the organisim protects from abrasion and dehydration provides fist line of defense
- Controlls permiability- the epithelial linining can change in order to allow thing in or keep things out
- Provides sensation- specialized epi cells can detect changes In the enviorment and communicate with the nervous system
- Produces specialized secretions- gland cells
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Neuroepithelium
Sensory cells in epithelim that detect stimuli for sight smell taste equlibrium and healing
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Glandular epithelium
Where most of the epithelium consists od gland cells
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Epithelia cell types of layers
- Simple: singel layer of cells
- Stratified more than one layer of cells
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Pseudostratified
One layer of columnar cells with the apperance of miti-layers of cells
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Transitional
Stratified epohelial that can strech to few layers. Transitional because the cells. Hange in appearence depending on how streched the tissue is
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Types of epithelial cells
- Squamos-thin flat irregular in shape cells like puzzle peices from a birds eye view has six sides has a flat nucleus in cross section view.
- Cubodial: cube chaped cells with central roind nucleus.
- Columnar: colum like cells in shape more cytoplasm thsn nucleus look like rectangles
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Glandular epihelia
Endocrine glands and exocrine glands
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Endocrine glands
(Ductless) secretions released into the bloodstreem to affect another part of the body
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Exocrine glands
(ducts) secretions arre relesedbthrough ducts into immediate surrounding areas
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Ducts
Tubular passageways that directly collect and release sectetions right onto epithelial surfaces
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Modes of secretion
Merocrine, aprocrine, holocrine,
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Merocrine secretion
Secretion released by exocytosos ex saliva mucus
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Aprocrine secretion
Lose the apical portion of the glandular cell with the sevretion ex underarm perspiration mamary gland secretions
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Holocrine secretions
Entire cell becomes packed with secretory productsand then ruptures ex sabaceous glands
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Unicellular sevretory cell
Individul secretory cell example goblet cells in trachea secrete mucins
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Milticellular secretory cellp
Multiple secretory cells gathered or organized together ex mucin secreting cells on the stomach lining for a protevtive sheet in order to line the stomach
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Connective tissue characteristic
- 45% of our body weight is coposed of this they also share three components:
- They have specialized cells like fibroblasts osteocytes and macrophagesthey have extracellular protein fibers and they contain ground substance blood and bone have all of this
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Etracellular potein fiber
Collogen elastic ans recticular tussue
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Speciallized cells
Examples arr fibroblasts osteocytes and macrophages
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Ground substance
Extracellular fluid that can be viscous with proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The more viscous the ground substance te slower the pathogens can move through it making pathogens an easier target
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Matrix
Extracellular protein fibers plus ground substance
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Connective tissue functions
- Structure (bone)
- Trandport -blood
- Protects- bone
- Supportive structure- carilage
- Store energy -fat
- Defensive-blood lymph, loose connective tissue
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Connective tissue proper
Loose ans dense
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Fluid connective tissue
Blood and lymph
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Supporting connective tissue
Cartilage and bone
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Fibroblasts cell
Most abundant ell resident in connective tissue proper secrete hyaluronan and protein fibers
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Macrophages cell
Defensive cell that phagocytizes(eats) pathogens ans presents them to the immune system
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Adipocytes cell
Fat cells store lipid droplets
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Mesenchymal cells
Stem cells that aid durring the course of an infection or in repair of an injury mesochymal cells provide daughter cells that can specialize (differentiate) and replace injured and dead cells
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Melanocytes cell
Synhesize and store the pigment melanain
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Mast cells
Carry histamine granuals to stimulate local inflamatory responses
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Lymphocytes cell
Circulating defenders and plasma cells
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Plasma cells
Antibody producing and secreting cells which attack pathogens
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Neutrophils cell
First line of defense that arrive at the site of an infection, phagocytic, granualar, dead neutrophils and cell debris=pus)
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Eosinophils cell
Hot pink granules some phagocytosois attack parasites
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Collagen fibers
Long straight unbranchrd (rope) made of collagen protein. It is tough ans strong ex tendons ligaments
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Recticular fibers
Also made of collogen proteins but thinner fiber than collagen fibers form an inyerwovem meshwork that is strong ans flexible to set the area for functional cell to work in example spleen
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Elastic fibers
Made of elastin protein can be branched and wavy and can return to original size and shape ex elastic ligaments
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Marfan's syndrome
Patients have a defective glycoprotein (fribalin- normally gives connective tissue its strenght and flexibility) in the connective tissue affects all tissue with any connective tissue component especially the cardiovascular system and bone formation
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Loose connective tissue
Coushins the body and fills space
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Areolar tissue
Least specialized of adult connective tissues can contain all cell types and fibers. Most of its volume is ground substance has a loose framework ex lamina propria of the digestive track
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Adipose loose connective tisssue
Provides padding to absorb shock as well as insulate and store enerygy
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White fat cells
The adipocytes in adults that store large lipid droplets
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Brown fat cells
In babiesnand young children between the shoulder blades and aroun upper body and neck which break down fat and generate heat to be circulated they are dark in appreance due to high mitocondrial concentrations and they are highly vascularized
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Recticular loose connecrive tissue
Soft internal skeleton (stroma) of recticular fibers for special cells to work in ex spleen re bone marrow lymph node and liver
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Dense regular connective tissue
Bundels of protein fibers (collogen or elastic) organized in parallel alighnment ex tendons aponeuroses ligaments elastic ligaments
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Dense irrregular connective tissue
Interwoven meshwork that lends strenght and support ex organ capsules can take presure from sifferent directions
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Blood
Contains RBC's WBC's platelets asma that move rapidly through pur circulation
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Lymph
Fluid contents of lymphnatic vessels that is similar in compostition to the intestinal fluid it carries WBC's as well as lymphocytez and components to large to be carried by capilaries
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Supportive connecting tissues
Cartilage and bone
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Cartilage
Avascular and waste diffuse through matrix its matrix is made up of chondrotin sulfates that combine with proteins to make porteoglycans
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Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells
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Antiangiogenesis factor
Produced by chondrocytes so no blood vessels grow in the cartilage
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Hyaline cartialage
Strong and somewhat flexible most abundant type of cartilage in our body. Packe with cologen fiber that are evenly distributed found in places such as the articulating surfaces of bones T synovial joints (redu e friction between bones) costal cartilage, supports the larynx trachea bronchi and form part of the nasal septum
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Elastic cartialage
Made with elastic fibers provided support Nd tolerates distortion can be found in the pinna of the ear auditory canal and the cuneiform cartelige of larynx
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Fibrocrartilage
Has litttle ground substance and bundlesmof collogen fibers resisys compression limits relative movement and prevents bone to bone contact ex pads within the knee joints
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Bone
(Vascular ) canaliculi + osten central canals+ perforating canals. Matrix of bone has minimL liquid surriunding calcium phosphate(about 2/3 bone wieght) and calcium hydro-xide
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Membranes
Combination of epithelial tissues ans connective tissues
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Mucous membranen
In digestive track reproductive track urinary track and repiratory track mucins( moucius= mucin + water) are secreted by goblet cells or mulicellular gland cells
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Serous membranes
Line internalndivisions of the ventral cavity (pleura pertoneum, and pericardium) and secrete serous fluid
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Cutaneous membrane
Skin thick waterproof and dry made of stratified epithelium areolar connective tissue wih adipose tissue a d dense irregular connective tissue
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Synovial membranes
Line the synovial joints are a combination of areolar connective tissueand incomplete epihelium secrete synovial fluid
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Mucle tissue
- Fifty percent of our body weoght is this
- Two types of ths skeletal ans cardiac
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Skeletal muscle tissue
Striations come from repeated patterns of myosin and actin filaments organized in sarcomeres
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Mucle fibers
Mucsle cells long and slender
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Multinuclated
Adult skelital mucles isnincapablen of dividing. New mucle is generated by satellites cells for repair and building
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Cardiac mucle tissue
Straiated involuntaryhas crdiocytes intercalated discs and pacemaker cells
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Cardiocytes
Cardiac mucle cells 1-5 nucleate/cells is shorter than skelital fibers
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Intercalated disks
Neccesary for intracellular communication made of gap junctions, intercellular cemet, and desmosomes
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Pacemakes cells
Specialized cadiac mucle cells that help regulate the rate of heart contractions
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Smoothe mucle tissue
In the walls of blood vessels hollow organs along the digestive track and repiratory track
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Neural tissues
2% of body wieght
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Neurons
Specialzed cells that form and tranferr electrical impulses from one end of the body to another
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Cell body
Contains nucleus
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Dentrites
Neurons projections from the cell body to recieve stimili
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Axon
Nerve fibers impulse travels from cell body through an axon to the next nerve or an effector tissue
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Neurogilia cells
Support cells of nurons
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Inflamation
Damaged cells signal for help dialate vessels and increase permiability of local capilaries phagocytes enter and clean up
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Necrosis
Tissue damage and then death through the release of lusosomal enzymes
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Pus
Dead dying cells cell debris spent neutrophils and fluid
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Abcess
Accumilation of pus
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Regeneration
Damaged tissues are replaced for more normal function or necrotic tissue replaced by scar tissue to heal a wound
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Osteoperosis
Decreased bone strengthto the point that they are brittle and susceptibility of breaking easily
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Pathologist
Person that studies disease states
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Biopsies
Sample of tissue for diagnosis
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Dysplasia
Change of cell shape
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Metaplasia
Change of cell shape enought to distort tissue structure and therefore tissue's function
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Anaplasia
Cells become tumor cells ans tissue organization breaks down abnormal genes are expressed
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7 warning signs of cancer
CAUTION
- C: change in bowel or bladder habits
- A: a sore that does not heal
- U: unusual bleeding or discharge
- T: thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
- I: indegestion or dificulty swollowing
- O: obvious change in wart or mole
- N: nagging cough or hoarsness
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