Nervous system 8.4 (Electrical signals and Neural pathways)

TRUE or FALSE

The inside of most cell membranes is positively charged compared to the outside of the cell membrane, which is negatively charged
True False

the uneven distribution of charge means the cell membrane is

In an unstimulated (or resting) cell, the uneven charge distribution is called the

The resting membrane potential is generated by three main factors, mainly;

TRUE or FALSE
The difference in membrane permeability is due to the difference in the number of open ion channels
True False

TRUE or FALSE
ions cannot move freely across the cell membrane; instead, ions must flow through ion channels, which are proteins embedded in the cell membrane.
True False

What are the two basic types of ion channels?

These channels are always open

these channels are closed unless specific signals open it

these channels are opened by chemicals or/and neurotransmitters

these channels are opened by a change in membrane potential

To compensate for the constant leakage of ions across the membrane, the________ is required to maintain the greater concentration of Na+ outside the cell membrane and K+ inside.

TRUE OR FALSE
The sodium-potassium pump actively transports
K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell
True False

It is estimated that the sodium-potassium
pump consumes ___% of all the ATP in a typical cell and ___% of the ATP in a neuron.

A _____ is a junction where the axon of one neuron
interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ, such as a muscle or gland

The end of the axon forms a _________. The membrane of the dendrite or effector cell is the p_______, and the space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes is the ______.

TRUE or FALSE
When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, and Ca2+ moves into the cell.
True False

A ______ is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus
applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS.

A ____ ___ is the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs

5 basic components of reflex arc

Within the CNS, neurons are organized to form pathways ranging from relatively simple to extremely complex. The two simplest pathways are

In a _______, two or more neurons synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron

In a _______, the axon from one neuron divides and synapses
with more than one other postsynaptic neuron

This summation occurs when the local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron

This summation occurs when local potentials overlap in time