The heart of a healthy adult, AT REST, pumps approximately how many liters of blood per minute?
5 liters (L) per minute
Although it is a single structure, the heart is actually...
two pumps in one.
The _______ side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the ______ side of the heart through vessels of the PULMONARY CIRCULATION.
Right
Left
Most CO² goes through the right side of the lungs to be exhaled.
Oxygen O² enters the left side of the heart to be used by the body.
*Please refer to page 355 of Seeley's Figure 12.2*
The _____ side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and back to the _____ side of the heart through vessels of the SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION.
Left
Right
•The left side of the heart carries the most O² to be transported INTO the body.
•While the right side of the heart on the other hand carries most CO² to be exhaled to the lungs.
What are the functions of the heart?
Generating blood pressure.
Routing blood.
Ensuring one-way blood flow.
Regulating blood supply.
Contraction of the heart generates blood pressure. TRUE or FALSE
True
What is the shape of an adult heart?
Blunt Cone
Generally the heart doesn't decrease in size after approximately 65 years of age. TRUE or FALSE
False.
The heart generally decreases in size after approximately age 65 especially in people who are not physically active.
The blunt, rounded point of the heart is the______.
Apex
The larger flat part at the opposite end of the heart is the ______.
Base
The heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum, with it's base directed _______ and slightly _______.
posteriorly
superior
THE APEX
Its apex is directed (1) and slightly (2).
It is also directed to the (3) So approximately ⅔ of the hearts mass lies to the (3).
1.Anteriorly
2.Inferior
3.Left
The pericardium surrounds the heart and anchors it within the mediastinum. It consist of what LAYERS?
Fibrous pericardium- the outer layer of the pericardium and is composed of tough fibrous connective tissue.
Serous pericardium- the inner layer and consists of flat epithelial cells with a thin layer of connective tissue.
Pericardial fluid is composed by _______.
serous pericardium
The pericardial fluid helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardium. TRUE or FALSE?
True
Atria : Base
_____: Apex
Ventricles.
A groove that separates the atria from the ventricle.
coronary sulcus
The pulmonary circulation order.
1.Right atrium (by the passage superior and inferior vena cava)
2.Tricuspid valve
3.Right ventricle
4.Pulmonary semilunar valve
5.Pulmonary trunk
6. Pulmonary artery
Two veins that carry blood to the right atrium.
1.superior vena cava
2.inferior vena cava
How many pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
4
The SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION order.
1.Right/Left Pulmonary veins
2.Left atrium
3.Bicuspid valve
4.Left ventricle
5.Aortuc semilunar valve
6.Aortic
The heart is a _____ pump consisting of four chambers:
muscular
1.right atrium
2.left atrium
3.right ventricle
4.left ventricle
The superior and inferior vena cava drains blood from most of the body.
Blood in the heart are drained mostly into the _______.
coronary sinus
The two atria (upper chambers of the heart) are separated from each other by a partition called...
interatrial septum (between the atria)
The major pumping chambers.
ventricles
The ventricles are separated from each other by the muscular...
interventricular septum
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. TRUE or FALSE?
True.
As such the wall of the LEFT VENTRICLE contracts more forcefully and generates a greater blood pressure than the wall of the right ventricle.
How much increase does the left ventricle exerts when it pumps?
120 mm Hg
Trivia: mm Hg means millimeters of mercury.
When the right ventricle contracts pressure increases approximately...
22 mm Hg (⅕ of the pressure in the left ventricle)
WHAT CAN YOU INFER?
The higher pressure generated by the left ventricle through the systemic circulation,
the lower the pressure generated by the right ventricle through the pulmonary circulation.
SYSTEMATIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION are inverse.
The one-way flow of blood through the heart chamber is maintained by the _________.
heart valves
Two types of heart valve?
1.atrioventricular valve
2.semilunar valves
Specifically the valve between the RIGHT atrium and the RIGHT ventricle is called _________.
Tricuspid valve.
One of the heart valve, composed of three cusps or flaps of tissue.
TRIcuspid valve
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle, composed of two cups.
Bicuspid valve
A cone-shaped, muscular pillars,attached by thin strong ,connective tissue string called chordae tendineae.
papillary muscles
________ valve is located between each ventricle and is associated great artery.
Semilunar
Pulmonary semilunar valve is located between the _________ and the ________.
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve is located between the _______ and _________.
left ventricle
aorta
The valves of the heart are:
1. Tricuspid valve
2.Pulmonary semilunar valve
3.Bicuspid valve
4.Aortic semilunar valve
Surrounds the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and gives them support.This also serves as electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricle and provides a rigid attachment for cardiac muscle.
cardiac skeleton or fibrous skeleton
_______ and _______ veins PROVIDE pathway for blood though the heart wall.
Coronary arteries
cardiac veins
*Note: be mindful with the difference of arteries and veins.
The coronary arteries originate from the base of the aorta,just above the aortic semilunar valves. TRUE or FALSE?
True
Three major branches of the left coronary artery:
1.anterior interventricular artery - lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus
2.circumflex artery- extends around the coronary sulcus
3.left marginal artery-extends inferiorly along the lateral wall of the left ventricle from the circumflex artery
The branches of the left artery supply much of the anterior wall of the heart and most of the left ventricle. TRUE or FALSE?
True
Differentiate arteries and veins.
artery carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and into different parts the body. (a- for away)
veins carry most of the deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body back to the heart, to be released in the lungs.
It DRAINS blood from the cardiac muscle.
Cardiac veins
The heart wall is composed of 3 layers namely...
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
A thin serous membrane forming the smooth OUTER surface of the heart.
epicardium
The thick,middle layer of the heart.
myocardium
The smooth inner surface of the heart,which allows blood to move easily throughout the heart.
endocardium
The heart valves are formed by folds of endocardium that include a thick layer of connective tissue.
TRUE or FALSE
True
Cardiac muscles cells are elongated,branching cells that contain one or occasionally two centrally located nuclei. TRUE or FALSE
True
Cardiac muscles relies on ______ and ______ for contraction. What chemicals?
Calcium ions
ATP
Tbe movement of the blood through the heart is determined by a coordinated sequence of cardiac muscle contractions.
With _________ contraction first, followed by __________ contraction.
