NERVOUS SYSTEM

Functions of the Nervous System:

The two major divisions of the nervous system

The brain and spinal cord connect with
each other at the ____ of the skull.

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord

brain:skull
spinal cord:
eyes:

consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS (nerves and ganglia)

It links the CNS with the various parts of the body

carries information about the different tissues of the body to the CNS and carries commands from the CNS that alter body activities.

Cells of the nervous system are called

center of mental activity

Neurons send electrical messages from their cell body to other cells with long extensions called

are the endings of neurons, or separate, specialized cells that detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light,
sound, odor, and other stimuli

a bundle of many axons that connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

There are how many pairs of cranial nerves?

There are how many pairs of nerves in the spinal cord

It is a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

Is an extensive network of axons and, in some cases, neuron cell bodies, located outside the CNS.

two subdivisions of the PNS

Transmits electrical signals, called action potentials, from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS

Neurons that transmit action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS are called

transmits action potentials from the CNS to effector organs, such as muscles and glands

neurons that transmit action potentials from the CNS toward the periphery are called

The _____ processes information, initiates responses,
and integrates thoughts, emotions, and other mental processes

Familiarize

memorize

two subdivisions or components of motor division

transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles

transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

two divisions of autonomic nervous system

the fight-or-flight division, most active during physical activity

regulates resting functions, such as digesting food or emptying the urinary bladder. It is called the rest-and-digest division

It is a unique part of the peripheral nervous system. Has both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within the digestive tract.

they monitor and control the digestive tract independently of the CNS through local reflexes

What are the two cells that make up the nervous system?

receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

support and protect neurons and perform other functions

are supportive cells of the CNS and PNS. These cells do not conduct action potentials

are the electrically excitable cells of the nervous system

Parts of the neuron

Part of the neuron that contains a single nucleus

Part of the neuron which receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptors and transmit the information toward the neuron cell body

A single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body

is the source of information for protein synthesis or gene expression

The area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body is called

_____ of sensory neurons conduct axon potentials towards the CNS, and ____ of motor neurons conduct action potentials away from the CNS

An axon may remain unbranched or may branch to form ____

what are the types of neurons based on their structure or arrangement on their processes?

A type of neuron which have many dendrites and a single axon

conduct action potentials within the CNS from one neuron to another

A type of neuron that has two processes: one dendrite and one axon

Type of neurons that have a single process extending from the cell body, which divides into two branches a short distance from the cell body

Carry out different activities that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions within nervous tissue

The four types of glial cells in the CNS are

Serve as the major supporting cells in the CNS

Astrocytes participate with the blood vessel endothelium to form a permeability barrier, called the

Line the fluid-filled cavities (ventricles and canals) within the CNS

Act as immune cells of the CNS. They help protect then brain by removing bacteria and cell debris

Provide an insulating material that surrounds axons

Glial cells of PNS

Provide insulating material around axons (Glial cells of the PNS)

Are found around the cell bodies of certain neurons of the PNS. These cells provide support and nutrition to the neurons and protect them from heavy-metal poisons, such as Pb and Hg

Are specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some neurons

Axons with myelin sheaths are called

It is an excellent insulator that prevent almost all ion movement across the cell membrane

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called

A disease where myelin sheath is problematic which results to loss of muscle function

T or F: Myelination of an axon increases the speed and efficiency of action potential generation along the axon

Consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites, where there is very little myelin

In the CNS, gray matter on the surface of the brain is called

In the CNS, clusters of gray matter located deeper within the brain are called

Gray matter in the CNS

Gray matter in the PNS. A cluster of neuron cell bodies is called

Consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths, which are whitish in color

White matter of the CNS forms ____ or ____, which propagate action potentials from one area of the CNS to another.

White matter of the PNS consists of bundles of axons and their connective tissue sheaths called

A junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ, such as a muscle or gland

The space separating the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membranes is the

It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the second lumbar vertebra

They communicate between the spinal cord and the body

T or F: The white matter consists of myelinated axons, and the gray matter is mainly a collection of neuron cell bodies
True False

The white matter in each half of the spinal cord is organized in three columns. Enumerate

are connective tissue membranes that
surround the spinal cord and brain

Familiarize

It consist of of axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain

It consists of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain

It is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS

The neuronal pathway in which a reflex occurs

The simplest reflex. It occurs when muscle contract in response to a stretching force applied to them

It is an example of a stretch reflex. Clinicians use this to determine if the higher CNS centers that normally influence this reflex are functional

To remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus

The area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves

What are the 3 major plexuses?

Supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx

It originates from spinal nerves C5 to T1

Innervates the diaphragm. It is one of the most important branches of the cervical plexus.

It originates from spinal nerves C5 to T1

Innervates two shoulder muscles and the skin over the part of the shoulder.

Innervates all the muscles in the posterior arm and forearm as well as the skin over the posterior surface of the arm, forearm, and hand

The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the __ lumbar vertebra

What are the 5 basic components of the reflex arc in order

Originates from spinal nerves L1 to S4

What are the major regions of the brain?

It connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain

It is the most inferior part of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord. It is responsible for the vital functions such regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter, breathing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.

Three parts of the brainstem