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4-hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxylysine
Constituents of the fibrous protein collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals
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Constituents of the fibrous protein collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals
4-hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxylysine
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y-carboxyglutamic acid
Constituent of proteins involved in blood clotting
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Constituent of proteins involved in blood clotting
y-carboxyglutamic acid
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O-phosphoserine
Presence of P regulates protein activity
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Presence of P regulates protein activity
O-phosphoserine
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cystine
two cysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond that plays a role int he structures of many proteins (hair) by forming covalent cross-links
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two cysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond that plays a role int he structures of many proteins (hair) by forming covalent cross-links
cystine
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Ornithine and Citrulline
Metabolites of the urea cycle
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Metabolites of the urea cycle
Ornithine and Citrulline
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Substances having dual (acid-base) nature
Ampholytes
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Ampholytes
Substances having dual (acid-base) nature
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An amino acid polymer of short chain length
Peptide
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Peptide
An amino acid polymer of short chain length
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Polypeptide
An amino acid polymer of intermediate chain length containing up to 50 amino acid residues
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An amino acid polymer of intermediate chain length containing up to 50 amino acid residues
Polypeptide
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Protein
An amino acid polymer made up of more than 50 amino acids
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An amino acid polymer made up of more than 50 amino acids
Protein
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Amino acid residue
An amino acid that is a part of a peptide, polypeptide, or protein chain
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An amino acid that is a part of a peptide, polypeptide, or protein chain
Amino acid residue
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N-terminal residue
An amino acid on the end of a chain that has an unreacted or free amino group
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An amino acid on the end of a chain that has an unreacted or free amino group
N-terminal residue
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C-terminal residue
An amino acid on the end of a chain that has an unreacted or free carboxylate group
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An amino acid on the end of a chain that has an unreacted or free carboxylate group
C-terminal residue
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Glutathione (y-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine)
Protects cells from the destructive effects of oxidation by reacting with substances such as peroxides.
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Protects cells from the destructive effects of oxidation by reacting with substances such as peroxides.
Glutathione (y-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine)
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Glutathione
An important intracellular reducing agent
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An important intracellular reducing agent
Glutathione
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Oxytocin
Stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth and the ejection of milk by mammary glands during lactation.
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Stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth and the ejection of milk by mammary glands during lactation.
Oxytocin
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Opioid peptides
Molecules that relieve pain and produce pleasant sensations
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Molecules that relieve pain and produce pleasant sensations
Opioid peptides
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Examples of Opioid peptides
- Met-enkephalin
- Leu-enkephalin
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Atrial natriuretic factor
A peptide produced by specialized cells in the heart and the nervous system
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A peptide produced by specialized cells in the heart and the nervous system
Atrial natriuretic factor
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Substance P and Bradykinin
Peptides that stimulate the perception of pain
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Peptides that stimulate the perception of pain
Substance P and Bradykinin
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Structural proteins arranged in fibers or sheets that have only one type of secondary structure
Fibrous proteins
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Fibrous proteins composed of antiparallel beta-pleated sheets
Silk fibroin
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A disease of collagen metabolism
Scurvy
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Interactions between the R groups of nonpolar amino acids
Van der Waals
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Interactions between the polar R groups of the polar amino acids
Hydrogen bonds
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Interactions between the R groups of oppositely charged amino acids
Ionic bonds (Salt bridges)
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Why can diving mammals remain submerged for long periods?
The storage and distribution of oxygen by muscle myoglobin permits diving mammals to remain submerged for long periods.
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Proteins that are insoluble in water
Fibrous proteins
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Proteins that function in the cells as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Globular proteins
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Classification of proteins by composition (SIMPLE)
- 1. Albuminoids
- 2. Albumins
- 3. Globulins
- 4. Histones
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Examples of Albuminoids
- 1. Keratin in skin, hair, and nails
- 2. Collage in Cartilage
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Examples of Albumins
- 1. Egg Albumins
- 2. Serum Albumins
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Examples of Globulins
Antibodies
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Examples of Histones
Chromatin in Chromosomes
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Classification of proteins by composition (Conjugated)
- 1. Glycoproteins
- 2. Lipoproteins
- 3. Metalloproteins
- 4. Nucleoproteins
- 5. Phosphoproteins
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Examples and Prosthetic group of glycoproteins
Interferon - Carbohydrates
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Examples and Prosthetic group of lipoproteins
Lipoproteins - Triglycerides, phospholipid, and cholesterol
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Examples and Prosthetic group of Metalloproteins
Hemoglobin - Metal ion
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Examples and Prosthetic group of Nucleoproteins
Ribosomes - Nucleic acids
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Examples and Prosthetic group of Phosphoproteins
Casein - Phosphate
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Classification of proteins by function
- 1. Structural
- 2. Contractile
- 3. Transport
- 4. Hormonal
- 5. Catalytic
- 6. Antibodies
- 7. Storage
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Examples and Functions of the Structural classification of protein
- 1. Collagen - Build tendons and cartilage
- 2. Keratin - Forms hair, skin, woo, and nails
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Examples and Functions of the Contractile classification of protein
1. Myosin and Actin - Muscle contraction
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Examples and Functions of the Transport classification of protein
- 1. Hemoglobin - Transports oxygen into bloodstream
- 2. Lipoproteins - Transport lipids through the body fluids
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Examples and Functions of the Hormonal classification of protein
- 1. Insulin - Increases glucose metabolism
- 2. Growth hormone - Regulates body growth
- 3. Estradiol - Stimulates female sex characteristics
- 4. Testosterone - Stimulates male sex characteristics
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Examples and Functions of the Catalytic classification of protein
- 1. Sucrase - Catalyzes hydrolysis of sucrose
- 2. Trypsin - Catalyzes hydrolysis of protein
- 3. Dehydrogenase - Converts ethanol to acetaldehyde
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Examples and Functions of the Antibodies classification of protein
1. Immunoglobulins - Recognizes and destroys bacterial or viral antigens
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Examples and Functions of the Storage classification of protein
- 1. Casein - Stores protein as milk
- 2. Ferritin - Stores iron in liver for the production of red blood cells
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What is the breaking of peptide bonds called?
Hydrolysis
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Too much of what will cost the complete breaking of Peptide bonds?
Acid
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Controlled breaking of peptide bonds will cause what?
Denaturation of milk
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The process of unfolding the native conformation of the protein. It is irreversible.
Denaturation
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Occurs as the protein molecules then unfold and become entangled
Coagulation
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Protein in blood that is involved in the clotting reaction
Fibrinogen
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Protein in blood that protects humans from disease
Immunoglobulins
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Protein in blood that carries hydrophobic molecules in the blood
Albumins
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Denature proteins by disrupting hydrogen bonds within the protein
Organic Solvents
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Disrupt hydrophobic interactions, causing the protein chain to unfold
Detergents
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Interferes with salt bridges that result in loss of conformation between amino acid R groups. React with disulfide bonds and acidic amino acids
Heavy Metals
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Stretches a protein until cross-links break forming a solid
Agitation
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Disrupts hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic attractions; can cause coagulation
Heat
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Disrupts salt bridges
Acids and Bases
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Disrupt the weak interactions that maintain protein conformation
Mechanical stress
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Is a disease that occurs when a random N-terminal is turned into a pleated sheet that causes disastrous effects to the brain and the spinal cord.
Mad cow disease
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Mad cow disease is also called?
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
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What is the human variant of mad cow disease?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) disease
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Characteristics of the immune system
- 1. Highly specific
- 2. Has memory
- 3. Can recognize "self" from "nonself"
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